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摘要: 比较了既有定量化交通网络效率评价方法, 考虑了网络结构、交通需求、出行选择和出行成本等因素, 分别从解析计算、固定网络结构下交通需求对网络效率的影响规律和固定交通需求下网络结构对网络效率的影响规律方面, 研究了3种评价方法的评价结果合理性, 总结了不同方法的优缺点和适用范围。比较结果表明: 赋权网络运行效率计算方法(方法1) 未考虑交通网络拥挤效应, 计算的网络效率是交通需求的单调函数, 不能用于交通拥挤网络; 交通拥挤网络效率计算方法(方法2) 能适用于拥挤网络的效率评价, 但在需求不变的前提下, 计算的效率是OD间连通路径数的单调递增函数, 不能反映网络结构对交通网络效率的影响规律; 交通网络效率计算方法(方法3) 能更加真实地反映交通网络结构、交通需求、出行成本与出行选择对网络效率的综合影响效应, 而且采用该方法计算的网络效率能够与交通网络中的“Braess”诡异现象进行相互解释, 证明了该方法在评价交通网络的实际运行绩效方面具有相对更好的合理性; 在固定结构的交通网络中, 总存在一个交通需求量, 使采用方法3计算的网络效率最大; 在固定需求的交通网络中, 总存在一个网络结构, 使采用方法3计算的网络效率最大。Abstract: The existing evaluation methods of quantitative traffic network efficiency were compared.Network structure, traffic demand, travel choice, travel cost and other factors were considered, and the evaluation result rationalities of three methods were studied from the following three aspects, namely the analytic calculation, influence rule of traffic demand on network efficiency under fixed network structure, and influence rule of network structure on network efficiency under fixed traffic demand.The pros, cons and applications of different methods were summarized.Comparative result shows that the calcuation method of weighted network operation efficiency (method 1) does not consider the congestion effect of transportation network, and the calculated network efficiency is a monotone function of traffic demand, so it cannot be used in traffic congested network.The calcuation method of transportation congestednetwork efficiency (method 2) is suitable for the efficiency evaluation of congested network, but for the premise of constant demand, the efficiency is a monotonous increasing function of connected path numbers between OD, and cannot reflect the influence rule of network structure on traffic network efficiency. The calcuation method of transportation network efficiency (method 3) can give a true reflection of comprehensive influence effect of network structure, traffic demand, travel cost and travel choice on network efficiency.In addition, the network efficiency calculated by method 3 and the Braess paradox can explain with each other, which indicates that method 3 have a relatively better rationality on the real operation performance.In the fixed structure of traffic network, there always exists a traffic demand to ensure the maximal network efficiency calculated by method 3.In the fixed demand of traffic network, there always exists a network structure to ensure the maximal network efficiency calculated by method 3.
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图 4 网络效率随交通需求的变化曲线
Figure 4. Changing curves of network efficiency with traffic demand
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