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摘要: 为了解铁路运营隧道检测技术研究与应用情况, 梳理了隧道病害特点与检测方法, 从表观状态、内部状态、几何形态、高精度地面移动检测机器人和数据信息化5个方面, 分析了国内外检测技术现状, 探讨了检测技术体系与发展方向。分析结果表明: 表观状态检测主要有相机摄像和激光扫描技术, 相机摄像系统适用于车载平台, 检测速度达80 km·h-1, 激光扫描系统结构精巧, 检测速度约为5 km·h-1; 图像处理、计算机视觉是表观病害识别的2种技术, 拓展设计病害特征、提高识别效率、降低非病害因素干扰是图像处理技术进一步发展方向, 计算机视觉推广关键在于构建行业级病害样本库; 地质雷达是开展内部状态检测的关键技术, 地耦型雷达速度约为10 km·h-1, 空耦型雷达速度达80 km·h-1, 空耦型雷达检测系统关键在于优化天线结构、信号增强、抑制电气化设施和机械系统振动干扰, 地质雷达、红外热成像、超声层析成像、激光缺陷检测法等检测技术在探测范围、精度、效率等方面具有互补性, 可构成多技术综合运用策略; 几何形态检测主要有激光扫描、激光摄像、惯性测量技术, 激光扫描测量精度高, 速度约为10 km·h-1, 激光摄像速度达60 km·h-1, 提高激光摄像测量精度关键在于系统标定与振动补偿, 可基于惯性测量深化研究开展仰拱上拱变形检测; 发展和推广高精度地面移动检测机器人、检测数据信息化是与隧道规模相适应、状态精准管理相匹配的保障措施; 检测技术体系建议由“车载式快速综合检测+原位与地面移动精确检测+数据信息化平台”3部分组成, 未来发展方向应集中在空耦型雷达快速检测、复合变形快速精确测量、高精度地面移动检测、病害智能识别及多源数据融合分析等方面。Abstract: To understand the research and application status of inspection technology for railway operation tunnels, the characteristics and inspection methods of tunnel damage were summarized. The current status of inspection technology in domestic and foreign was analyzed from five aspects: exterior state, internal state, geometric shape, high-precision ground mobile inspection robot, and data informatization. The inspection technology framework and development direction were discussed. Analysis result shows that the exterior state inspection mainly includes the camera shooting and laser scanning technology. The camera shooting system is suitable for the vehicle platform with an inspection speed of 80 km·h-1. The laser scanning system has a compact structure and inspection speed of approximately 5 km·h-1. The image processing and computer vision are technologies for the exterior damage recognition. Regarding the image processing technology, a potential development direction is to expand and design the damage characteristics, improve the recognition efficiency, and reduce the interference of nondamage factors. The key to the promotion of computer vision is to build an industry-level disease sample database. The ground-penetrating radar is the key technology for the internal state detection, in which the speed of ground-coupled radar is approximately 10 km·h-1, while that of the air-coupled radar is 80 km·h-1. The air-coupled radar detection system focuses on optimizing the antenna structure, signal enhancement, and suppression of interference from the mechanical system vibration and electrification facilities. Detection technologies such as the ground-penetrating radar, infrared thermal imaging, ultrasonic tomography, and laser defect detection are complementaries in the detection range, accuracy, and efficiency, which can constitute acomprehensive application strategy of multi-technology. The geometric shape detection mainly includes the laser scanning, laser photography, and inertial measurement technology. The measurement accuracy of laser scanning is high. Its speed is approximately 10 km·h-1, while the laser photography speed is up to 60 km·h-1. The system calibration and vibration compensation are crucial to improve the measurement accuracy of laser photography. In addition, based on an inertial measurement technology, the deformation detection of inverted arch uplift can be carried out. The development and promotion of a high-precision ground mobile inspection robot and the informatization of detection data are guarantee measures that adapt to the scale of tunnels and match the state accurate management.Resultssuggest that the inspection technology framework should be composed of three parts: the vehicle mounted rapid comprehensive detection, in-situ and ground mobile accurate detection, and data information platform.The development direction should focus on the rapid inspection with an air-coupled radar, fast and accurate measurement of compound deformation, high-precision ground movement inspection, intelligent damage identification, and multi-source data fusion analysis.
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图 5 基于红外热像仪技术的隧道检查车
Figure 5. Tunnel inspection vehicle based on thermal infrared camera technology
图 8 裂纹图像不同照度下的灰度分布
Figure 8. Grey level distributions for different illumination intensities of crack image
图 11 基于滑动窗口的CNN裂缝检测流程
Figure 11. Flow for cracks inspection by CNN based sliding window
图 14 JR东日本地质雷达隧道检测车
Figure 14. Tunnel inspection vehicle with ground penetrating radar of JR East Japan
图 15 地质雷达铁路隧道检查车
Figure 15. Railway tunnel inspection vehicle with ground penetrating radar
图 19 激光冲击法隧道衬砌内部缺陷检测
Figure 19. Inspection of tunnel lining internal defects by laser impact method
图 23 多摄像机视觉测量原理与结构光视觉系统
Figure 23. Vision measurement principle of multi-camera and structured-light vision system
图 28 铁路运营隧道检测技术体系布局
Figure 28. Arrangement of inspection technology framework of railway operation tunnel
表 1 隧道缺陷病害检测方法
Table 1. Inspection methods of tunnel defects and diseases
部位 类别 检测项目 项目属性 原位检测 移动检测 拱墙衬砌 缺陷 厚度 内部状态 钻芯法、冲击回波法 地质雷达 背后空洞或不密实 敲击、冲击回波法 地质雷达 混凝土强度 钻芯法、回弹法 病害 变形或移动 几何形态 全站仪 激光扫描激光摄像 开裂 表观状态 目视、声波法 激光扫描线阵相机 渗漏水 目视 激光扫描线阵相机红外成像 压溃剥落 目视 激光扫描线阵相机 隧底结构 缺陷 隧底不密实或空洞 内部状态 瑞雷波法高密度电法 仰拱或填充层厚度 地质雷达 病害 道床裂损 表观状态 声波法 仰拱上拱 几何形态 水准仪 惯性测量 仰拱或铺底裂损 内部状态 瑞雷波法高密度电法 
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