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摘要: 中国高速铁路是世界高速铁路发展中重要的一部分，从历史观点(人类社会发展的必然)和全球视野(世界高速铁路发展的延续)两方面重点回顾了中国高速铁路的崛起和发展历程，从宏观角度分析了世界高速铁路发展的时间轴，阐述了4次世界工业革命不断催生交通运输技术的重大进步，指出了世界高速铁路的发展都要经历4个阶段：酝酿、探索、成熟、发展。美国最早提出建设高速铁路，但至今还在酝酿期。日本、法国、德国等仍然处于探索期。只有中国高速铁路已进入快速发展期。围绕中国高速铁路取得的巨大历史成就，阐述了中国高速铁路引进、消化、吸收再创新到自主创新的过程，阐明了中国高速铁路之所以取得世界瞩目的重大成就，从政策层面看，主要是因为中国在吸收各国探索经验的基础上，在政府统筹下集中力量办大事，充分整合和利用企业、高校、科研院所等的资源优势，创建了轨道交通国家技术创新体系；从技术层面看，主要原因是取得了技术突破、理论突破和试验突破三大重要突破。探讨了高速铁路发展面临的技术挑战，论述了高速铁路关键技术的研究进展，展望了后高铁时代轮轨高铁和磁悬浮高铁的发展方向，提出了智能高铁、智慧高铁、数字高铁等未来发展思路，以期为中国高速铁路的未来走向和发展提供参考，助力中国交通强国伟大梦想的实现。Abstract: The high-speed railway of China is an important part of the development of the world high-speed railway. The development and rise of Chinese high-speed railway were reviewed from the historical perspective (the inevitability of human society development) and the global perspective (the continuation of the world high-speed railway development). The timeline of the world high-speed railway development was analyzed from a macro point of view and the encouragement of the four worldwide industrial revolutions to the major advances of transportation technology was expounded. It is pointed out that the development of the high-speed railway goes through four stages: ferment, exploration, mature and development. The United States first suggested building high-speed railway, but it is still in the ferment stage. The high-speed railways of Japan, France and Germany are in the exploration stage. Only the Chinese high-speed railway has entered a rapid development stage. Based on the great achievements of Chinese high-speed railway, this paper expounded the path of introduction, digestion, absorption, innovation, and independent innovation in the process of Chinese high-speed railway development. The significant achievements have been made, on one hand, on the policy level, mainly due to Chinese efforts of taking the high-speed railway exploration experience of other countries and Chinese governmental ability of concentrating resources to accomplish large projects, integrating the advantages of enterprises, universities, and research institutes, and creating a national rail transit technology innovation system. On the other hand, from a technical perspective, the main reason of Chinese great achievements in high-speed railway lies in three important breakthroughs, which are technical breakthrough, theoretical breakthrough, and experimental breakthrough. The technical challenges faced by the development of high-speed railway and the research progress of key technologies of high-speed railway were discussed. The directions of the development of wheel-rail based high-speed transit and high-speed maglev in the post high-speed railway era were prospected, and the future development concepts of digital, intelligent, and smart high-speed railways were proposed so as to provide a reference for the future development of Chinese high-speed railway and to help to realize the great dream of building a great nation with modern transportation. 2 tabs, 25 figs, 40 refs.
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图 4 科学与技术相结合的高速列车全寿命周期研发体系
Figure 4. Research and development system of whole life cycle of high-speed train combined with science and technology
图 5 世界各国高速列车的运营速度谱
Figure 5. Running velocity spectrum of high-speed trains from all over the world
图 9 高速列车耦合大系统动力学全局仿真
Figure 9. Global dynamics simulation of coupling large system of high-speed train
图 10 高速列车耦合大系统动力学理论与实践
Figure 10. Theory and practice of coupled large system dynamics of high-speed train
图 11 高速列车耦合大系统动力学研究体系
Figure 11. Research system of coupling large system dynamics of high-speed train
图 13 多输入转向架结构强度与疲劳试验台
Figure 13. Multi-input test bench of strength and fatigue of bogie structure
图 14 液压式橡胶衬套动态刚度频变特性
Figure 14. Dynamic stiffness characteristics of hydraulic rubber bushing with frequency
图 15 正常和频变一系悬挂横向振动加速度对比
Figure 15. Comparison of lateral vibration accelerations between normal and frequency-varying primary suspensions
表 1 交通运输在4次世界工业革命中的发展
Table 1. Development of transportation in four worldwide industrial revolutions
时期 特点 重大技术进步 交通运输的发展 18世纪 第1次工业革命
60年代起开始进入机器时代1782年瓦特发明蒸汽机 畜力为主 19世纪 第2次工业革命
50年代开始进入电气化时代1825年诞生第一条铁路
1886年诞生第一辆汽车铁路为主 20世纪 第3次工业革命
60年代开始进入计算机时代1931年德国建成第一条高速公路
1903年莱特兄弟发明第一架飞机
1914年美国建第一条民航运输线
1964年日本诞生第一条高速铁路高速公路+民航为主，拥堵和
晚点呼吁新铁路21世纪 第4次工业革命
逐步进入人工智能、数字化时代铁路必须完成2个颠覆性技术革命 重回铁路(历史必然)，高速铁路+
管道磁浮
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表 2 世界高铁颠覆性技术革命进程
Table 2. Disruptive technology revolution process of world high-speed railway
高铁
时代国外 酝酿期 20世纪50年代 美国筹建Pueblo高速列车试验基地，高铁至今未起步 探索期 20世纪60年代 日本建新干线，理念新，但起点低，速度提不高 20世纪80年代 法国起点高，后来达到320 km·h-1，但方向不对 德国虽然纠正了方向，但高铁不成网 中国崛起
40年酝酿期 20世纪80年代 建立高速列车系统动力学基础理论，批准筹建450 km·h-1高速列车试验台 探索期 20世纪90年代 既有线提速，自主研发25种高速列车，并在高速列车试验台进行试验 成熟期 21世纪初 引进(全球探索的经验)消化吸收再创新(在已有基础上自主创新) 发展期 2013~2020年 成功开发350 km·h-1的“复兴号”高速列车，建成3.79万公里现代化高标准高铁网 后高铁
时代前期 2021~2035年 1、开发智能“复兴号”CR450，达到400 km·h-1运营速度；
2、选择高速磁悬浮技术——高温超导中期 2035~2049年 1、研发智慧“复兴号”CR500、CR600；
2、发展800 km·h-1真空管道磁悬浮列车后期 2035~2049年 1、研发智慧“复兴号”CR500、CR600；
2、发展800 km·h-1真空管道磁悬浮列车
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