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摘要: 综述了绿色集装箱港口节能减排策略，总结了国内外针对在港船舶、场桥、集卡与岸桥节能减排的措施与减排效果量化方面的研究成果，提出了未来的研究方向。研究结果表明：船用替代燃料(包括液化天然气、生物燃料、新能源)减排效果明显，针对替代燃料动力船应用困难问题，未来可重点研究替代燃料配套设施建设时序、补贴政策确定等问题；船舶采用岸电技术依据各地区碳排放系数不同可减少48.0%~70.0%的船舶在泊CO2排放，考虑岸电设施使用率低等问题，港口岸电定价、船舶与码头配套设施改造时序等问题成为未来研究重点；降低船速可减少8.0%~20.0%的船舶在港CO2排放；降低船舶非生产等待时间及辅助作业时间，并不能显著降低船舶在港CO2排放，后续还可进一步研究如何通过港口资源合理调度等方式减少船舶在港等待时间；设立硫排放控制区可减少33.0%~34.6%的SO2排放，还可继续研究排放控制区对船舶运营与港口运营的影响；场桥、集卡与岸桥节能减排措施主要为设备改造及优化调度，未来可继续研究既有设施设备节能改造时序，并分析在港船舶与装卸设备各减排措施集成下的综合减排效果；新能源供电系统在港口中的应用尚处于起步阶段，未来可研究港口新能源电力系统设计方法，构建清洁低碳的港口能源体系。Abstract: The energy saving and emission reduction strategies of green container ports were reviewed, the research achievements of the measures and effect quantification for energy saving and emission reduction in terms of ships, yard cranes, trucks, and quay cranes were summarized, and the future research directions were proposed. Research results show that marine alternative fuels, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), biofuels, and renewable energy show great potential in emission reduction. In terms of difficulties in the application of ships powered by alternative fuels, future research can be carried out to analyze the construction time sequence of supporting facilities by alternative fuels and the determination of subsidy policies. On the basis of different emission coefficients of different regions, CO2 emissions of ships can be reduced by 48.0%-70.0% by applying shore power technologies. In view of the low utilization rate of shore power facilities, the pricing of shore power and the time sequence of retrofitting ship and port supporting facilities will become the focus of future research. Reducing ship speed can reduce 8.0%-20.0% CO2 emission from ships at port. The CO2 emissions of ships at port cannot be significantly cut by shortening unproductive waiting time and auxiliary operation time of ships, and how to reduce the waiting time of ships at port by reasonable scheduling of port resources can be studied in the future. SO2 emission of ships can be cut by 33.0%-34.6% by setting up sulfur emission control areas, and research on the impact of emission control areas on ship operation and port operation can be carried out. Energy saving and emission reduction measures for yard cranes, trucks, and quay cranes mainly concentrate on equipment transformation and scheduling optimization, and research can be conducted on the time sequence of retrofitting existing facilities and equipments for energy saving, and the comprehensive emission reduction effect under the integration of various emission reduction measures of ships and loading/unloading equipments at port. The application of new energy supply system at port is still in its infancy, and the design method of new energy system can be studied to build a clean and low-carbon port energy system in future.
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Key words:
- waterway transportation /
- green port /
- container port /
- energy saving and emission reduction /
- shore power /
- new energy
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图 1 2009~2022年绿色集装箱港口相关文献数量统计
Figure 1. Quantitative statistics of literatures on green container port from 2009 to 2022
图 4 在港船舶节能减排策略文献分布
Figure 4. Distribution of literatures on energy saving and emission reduction strategies for ships at port
表 1 在港船舶节能减排策略研究汇总(替代燃料)
Table 1. Research summary on strategies of energy saving and emission reduction for ships at port (alternative fuels)
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表 2 在港船舶节能减排策略研究汇总(替代能源)
Table 2. Research summary on strategies of energy saving and emission reduction for ships at port (alternative energy)
替代能源 研究方法 研究对象 减排效果 参考文献 CO2 SO2 NOx 岸电 实测数据分析 洛杉矶港 未提及 未提及 1.7 t·艘-1 Cannon等(2015)[50] 公式计算 洛杉矶港、汉堡港等 48.0%~70.0% 3.0%~60.0% 40.0%~60.0% Zis等(2014)[52] 实测数据分析 上海港等 未提及 8.1 g·kWh-1 11.9 g·kWh-1 Peng等(2016)[53] 公式计算 欧洲港口 40.0% 未提及 未提及 Sciberras等(2016)[51] 新能源 仿真 巴西港口 90.0% 72.0% 99.0% Yigit等(2018)[72] 日本港口 23.0% 未提及 85.0% 土耳其港口 33.0% 未提及 92.0% 英国港口 49.0% 16.0% 91.0% 印度港口 未提及 未提及 90.0%
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表 3 在港船舶节能减排策略研究汇总(运营策略优化)
Table 3. Research summary on strategies of energy saving and emission reduction for ships at port (optimization of operation strategies)
具体措施 研究方法 研究对象 减排效果 参考文献 燃料/能源 CO2 SO2 NOx 降低船舶航速 仿真 洛杉矶港，汉堡港等 未提及 8.0%~20.0% 9.0%~40.0% 9.0%~17.0% Zis等(2014)[52] 公式计算 克拉克森航运数据库 未提及 41.0%~52.4% 未提及 未提及 Chang等(2014)[83] 公式计算 船队 未提及 54.4% 未提及 未提及 Smith等(2012)[84] 数据分析 波士顿港等 未提及 19.4% 未提及 未提及 Fagerholt等(2010)[85] 仿真 美国港口 未提及 30.0%~70.0% 未提及 未提及 Corbett等(2009)[82] 优化 天津港 8~14 kg·艘-1 未提及 未提及 未提及 Du等(2011)[17] 公式计算 高雄港 未提及 41.0% 未提及 未提及 Chang等(2016)[18] 仿真 阿尔及利亚港 未提及 48.4% 未提及 未提及 Peng等(2018)[6] 减少船舶在港时间 仿真 阿尔及利亚港 未提及 6.0% 未提及 未提及 Peng等(2018)[24] 公式计算 北欧港口 2.0%~8.0% 未提及 未提及 未提及 Johnson等(2015)[87]
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表 4 场桥节能减排策略汇总
Table 4. Research summary on strategies of energy saving and emission reduction for yard cranes
研究内容 研究方法 研究对象 减排效果 参考文献 减排策略 具体措施 燃料/能源 CO2 设备改造 油改电 统计分析 高雄港 86.6% 67.8% Yang等(2013)[19] 碳足迹分析 鹿特丹港 未提及 20.0% Geerlings等(2010)[20] 储能设备 实测数据分析 费利克斯托港 33 m3 0.8×104 t Papaioannou等(2017)[106] 仿真 混合动力式RTG 30.0%~35.0% 未提及 Flynn等(2008)[104]，Tan等(2017)[105] 仿真 场桥(含储能设备) 20.0%~60.0% 未提及 Antonelli等(2017)[102] 照明系统改造 试验 上海港 8 935.2 kWh 未提及 严俊等(2014)[107] 优化调度 设备配置与调度 仿真优化 华东某集装箱码头 25.6% 未提及 He等(2015)[22] 仿真 阿尔及利亚港 未提及 21.3% Peng等(2018)[24]
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表 5 集卡节能减排策略汇总
Table 5. Research summary on strategies of energy saving and emission reduction for container trucks
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