桥梁长寿命设计理论综述

刘永健; 刘江; 周绪红; 王壮; 孟俊苗; 赵鑫东; YANGJian; GHOSNMichel

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.03.001

桥梁长寿命设计理论综述

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.03.001

刘永健^{1, 2,},
刘江^1, ,,
周绪红²,
王壮¹,
孟俊苗¹,
赵鑫东¹,
YANGJian³,
GHOSNMichel⁴

1.
长安大学公路学院，陕西西安 710064
2.
重庆大学土木工程学院，重庆 400045
3.
AECOM，纽约纽约 NY 10158
4.
纽约城市大学土木工程学院，纽约纽约 NY 10031

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 52108111

国家自然科学基金项目 51978061

青海省科技计划项目 2023-SF-100

详细信息

作者简介:
刘永健(1966-)，男，江西玉山人，长安大学教授，工学博士，从事钢与组合结构桥梁、桥梁长寿命理论研究

通讯作者:
刘江(1991-)，男，陕西西安人，长安大学副教授，工学博士

中图分类号: U442.51
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-02-19
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-18
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-30

Review on long-life design theory for bridges

1.
School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China
2.
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
3.
AECOM, New York NY 10158, State of New York, USA
4.
Department of Civil Engineering, The City College of New York, New York NY 10031, State of New York, USA

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52108111

National Natural Science Foundation of China 51978061

Science and Technology Planning Project of Qinghai Province 2023-SF-100

More Information

Author Bio:
LIU Yong-jian(1966-), male, professor, PhD, liuyongjian@chd.edu.cn

LIU Jiang(1991-), male, associate professor, PhD, liu-jiang@chd.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 为促进桥梁长寿命设计理论的发展，从桥梁服役寿命及其影响机理出发，总结了现有桥梁长寿命设计的研究现状和面临的主要问题，探讨了未来研究重点和方向。研究结果表明：现行各国规范根据桥梁重要性及其所在公路等级进行桥梁设计寿命的规定，多采用变寿命的设计思路，赋予不同功能、重要程度、更换难度的桥梁构、部件不同的设计寿命；桥梁的寿命取决于其在真实服役环境下的长期性能，包含环境侵蚀作用下的耐久性能、反复荷载作用下的疲劳性能和持续荷载作用下的徐变性能，受服役环境、养护干预和施工过程的影响显著；新建桥梁长寿命技术主要从设计方法和高性能材料展开研究，现有服役寿命和耐久性设计方法主要围绕环境作用、劣化机理、材料性能、施工控制和检查管理等方面，达到了“看似满足”的设计目标，尚未能实现概率水平提升和设计寿命量化，全寿命设计则还停留在理念层面，UHPC、耐候钢、FRP等高性能材料的应用是提升桥梁设计寿命的有效方式；未来应以“明确结构定位，完善性能指标体系，优化结构初始状态，改善服役微环境，控制劣化传递路径”为长寿命设计的基本框架，围绕桥梁结构的长寿基因识别与调控、桥梁微环境全寿命周期演化规律、桥梁服役寿命的全概率量化设计方法等基础理论开展研究，以建立系统的桥梁长寿命设计理论体系。
- 桥梁工程 /
- 长寿命 /
- 环境作用 /
- 设计方法 /
- 高性能材料
Abstract: To promote the development of long-life design theory for bridges, the service life of bridges and the influencing mechanisms were studied, the current research status and main problems faced in the long-life design of existing bridges were summarized, and the future research focuses and directions were discussed. Research results show that current specifications in different countries determine the design life of bridges based on bridge importance and highway class, and they follow a variable life design idea to assign different design lives to bridge elements and components with different functions, importances, and replacement difficulties. The life of a bridge depends on its long-term performance in the actual service environment, including durability under environmental erosion, fatigue under repeated loading, and creep property under sustained loading, and it is significantly influenced by the service environments, maintenance interventions, and construction processes. The research on long-life technologies for new bridges mainly focuses on design methods and high-performance materials. Existing service life and durability design methods mainly study environmental actions, degradation mechanisms, material performances, construction control, and inspection management, achieving the design goal of "deemed-to-satisfy", but they do not achieve improvement on the probabilistic level and quantification of design life. The life cycle design still remains at the conceptual level. The application of high-performance materials, such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), weathering steel, and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), is an effective way to improve the design life of bridges. In order to establish a systematic theory system for the long-life design of bridges, future research should adhere to the basic framework of long-life design, including defining structural positioning, improving performance indicator system, optimizing initial structural condition, improving service micro-environment, and controlling degradation transmission paths. Research should also be conducted on the identification and regulation of long-life genes of bridge structures, evolutionary laws of bridge micro-environments in the life cycle, and fully probabilistic quantification design methods for the service life of bridges.
- bridge engineering /
- long-life /
- environment action /
- design method /
- high-performance material

HTML全文

图 1 规范中的设计使用年限

Figure 1. Design service life in specifications

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图 2 桥梁寿命与部件寿命

Figure 2. Bridge life and component life

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图 3 桥梁环境侵蚀机理

Figure 3. Environmental erosion mechanism of bridges

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图 4 桥梁服役的宏观环境

Figure 4. Macro environment of bridge operation

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图 5 海洋结构的腐蚀差异

Figure 5. Corrosion difference of marine structures

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图 6 桥梁各部位劣化差异

Figure 6. Difference of deterioration in different bridge components

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图 7 桥梁的真实服役环境——微环境

Figure 7. Real service environment of bridges—micro environment

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图 8 AASHTO规范中的桥梁微环境

Figure 8. Bridge micro environment in AASHTO

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图 9 跨线桥的微环境

Figure 9. Micro environment of overpass bridge

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图 10 微环境的初步评估

Figure 10. Preliminary evaluation of micro environment

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图 11 钢桥疲劳

Figure 11. Fatigue of steel bridge

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图 12 疲劳S-N曲线

Figure 12. Fatigue S-N curve

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图 13 科罗尔巴岛桥下挠和倒塌

Figure 13. Deflection and collapse of Koror-Babeldaob Bridge

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图 14 全寿命周期桥梁性能发展路径

Figure 14. Development path of bridge performance in life cycle

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图 15 不利于桥梁长寿的设计因素

Figure 15. Adverse design factors for bridge longevity

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图 16 桥梁服役寿命设计流程

Figure 16. Design process of bridge service life

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图 17 混凝土桥梁全寿命耐久性设计

Figure 17. Life cycle durability design of concrete bridges

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图 18 全寿命设计对结构性能和成本的影响

Figure 18. Influence of life cycle design on structural performance and cost

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图 19 基于系统可靠性的灾害韧性三标准

Figure 19. Three criteria of disaster resilience based on system reliability

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图 20 瑞士R-UHPC复合结构

Figure 20. R-UHPC composite structure in Swiss

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图 21 钢桥面STC铺装

Figure 21. STC pavement on steel bridge deck

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图 22 耐候钢耐锈蚀机理

Figure 22. Corrosion mechanism of weathering steel

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图 23 耐候钢和普通碳素钢的锈蚀损失曲线

Figure 23. Corrosion loss curves of weathering steel and ordinary carbon steel

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图 24 马里兰州耐候钢桥锈蚀

Figure 24. Corrosion of weathering steel bridge in Maryland

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图 25 日本耐候钢锈蚀

Figure 25. Corrosion of weathering steel bridge in Japan

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图 26 FRP材料

Figure 26. FRP materials

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图 27 FRP桥梁封护系统(泰国)

Figure 27. FRP enclosure system of bridge (Thailand)

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图 28 长寿命设计的理论框架

Figure 28. Theoretical framework of long-life design

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表 1 ACI 365.1R中结构寿命的细分

Table 1. Subdivision of structure life in ACI 365.1R

序号	结构使用寿命	寿命终止状态	描述
1	技术性使用寿命	不安全	强度、刚度、稳定等技术指标不合格且无法修复
2	功能性使用寿命	不适用	通行、景观、生态等使用功能不满足要求
3	经济性使用寿命	不经济	维修费用超过拆除新建

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表 2 钢拱桥微环境评估

Table 2. Micro environment evaluation of steel arch bridge

编号	微环境分区	构、部件	描述
1	埋入区	基础钢套管、钢桩	永久埋在土体内
2	大气区	拱肋上部、吊杆上部、拱肋横联、桥面系钢梁、横梁、桥面系混凝土板底部、墩柱、墩帽	不暴露于土壤、水或除冰盐中
3	除冰盐间接接触区	盖梁、墩柱顶部、拱肋拱脚处、吊杆下部、桥面系纵梁端部和端横梁、伸缩缝下主梁、横梁、钢系梁	由于水流、伸缩缝失效和汽车飞溅等原因，间接接触到了除冰盐
4	除冰盐直接接触区	桥面板顶面、护栏、桥面板两侧至滴水槽以上	除冰盐直接使用的区域
5	水位变动区	承台、桩帽	承受水位变动带来的干湿循环
6	水下区	基础钢套管	永久在水位以下

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表 3 代表性桥梁长期下挠

Table 3. Long-term deflection of typical bridges

序号	桥名	桥址	建成年份	观测时已使用年数	主跨跨径/m	最大下挠/cm
1	科罗尔·巴岛桥	帕劳共和国	1977	18	241.0	-139.0
2	Grand-mere桥	加拿大	1977	9	181.4	-30.0
3	Parrots渡桥	美国	1979	12	195.0	-63.5
4	三门峡黄河公路大桥	中国	1992	10	140.0	-22.0
5	Stovset桥	挪威	1993	8	220.0	-20.0
6	广东南海金江大桥	中国	1994	6	120.0	-22.0
7	黄石长江大桥	中国	1995	7	245.0	-30.5
8	虎门大桥辅航道桥	中国	1997	6	270.0	-22.2
9	江津长江大桥	中国	1997	10	240.0	-31.7
10	Stolma桥	挪威	1998	3	301.0	-9.2
11	广州东圃大桥	中国	1999	10	160.0	-23.0
12	广东丫髻沙大桥副桥	中国	2000	9	160.0	-23.0

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表 4 不同阶段桥梁寿命的影响因素

Table 4. Influencing factors of bridge life in different stages

阶段	影响因素
设计阶段	构造设计(疲劳细节、耐久性构造)；可达、可检、可养、可施工设计；功能性构件设计
施工阶段	施工质量(焊接、水化热等)；初始内力状态；初始几何状态；初始微环境状态
运营阶段	服役环境、汽车荷载；养护干预；维修加固

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表 5 桥梁混凝土碳化(或氯盐侵蚀)的设计策略

Table 5. Design strategies of bridge concrete carbonization (or chloride corrosion)

设计策略		设计准则
策略A：抵抗劣化	全概率设计	p[a－x_c(t_SL) < 0] < p₀
	分项系数设计	a_d－x_{c, d}(t_SL)≥0
	看似满足设计	a_min
策略B：防止劣化		环氧钢筋/不锈钢筋

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表 6 服役寿命(耐久性)设计规范对比

Table 6. Comparison of service life (durability) design specifications

序号	规范名称	设计方法				全寿命阶段			影响机理			桥梁形式			设计尺度			全寿命周期成本
序号	规范名称	避免劣化	全概率	分项系数	看似满足	设计	施工	管养	环境侵蚀	疲劳	持续荷载	混凝土桥	钢桥	无缝桥	材料	构件	结构	全寿命周期成本
1	FIB规范Model Code for Service Life Design	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	/	/	●	○	○	●	●	/	/
2	AASHTO规范Guide Specification for Service Life of Highway Bridges	●	●	○	●	●	○	●	●	●	/	●	●	○	●	●	●	●
3	SHRP Ⅱ指南Design Guide for Bridges for Service Life	○	/	/	●	●	●	●	●	●	/	●	●	●	●	●	●	●
4	GB/T 50476—2019	○	/	○	●	●	●	○	●	/	/	●	/	/	●	●	○	/
5	JTG/T 3310—2019	○	/	○	●	●	○	○	●	/	/	●	/	○	●	●	○	/
6	TB 10005—2010	○	/	/	●	●	○	○	●	/	/	●	/	/	●	●	○	/
注：●为详细描述；○为简单涉及；/为不涉及。

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表 7 UHPC与NC关键性能^[73]

Table 7. Key properties of UHPC and NC^[73]

类别	抗压强度/MPa	抗折性能/MPa	弹性模量/GPa	氯离子扩散系数/(10^-12 m²·s^-1)	冻融剥落系数/(g·cm^-2)	磨耗系数
NC	20~50	2~5	30~40	1.10	>1 000	4.0
UHPC	120~230	30~60	40~60	0.02	7	1.3

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