Review on deterioration behavior and life extension technologies of cement pavement in service
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摘要: 为提升在役水泥路面的耐久性与服役寿命,围绕国内外水泥路面延寿修复技术研究现状,梳理了水泥路面结构的力学响应和疲劳损伤演化行为,分析了水泥路面主要病害形成机理、劣化行为和特征,总结了不同劣化行为控制技术的研究进展;基于充分利用旧水泥路面板剩余承载力的思想和旧水泥路面延寿加铺结构力学行为研究,提出了严酷环境下分离式加铺连续配筋混凝土(CRC)面板的典型加铺结构,总结了水泥路面结构服役行为的智能感知技术。研究结果表明:建立准确反映水泥路面服役行为的力学模型可为其合理设计和寿命精准预测提供科学的理论依据;在水泥路面破坏形成初期及时对其技术状况进行评价并修复,可在一定程度上延长其使用寿命;接缝传荷能力和板底脱空是影响水泥路面耐久性的显著因素,在旧水泥路面修复过程中应重点关注;旧水泥路面加铺沥青混凝土和水泥混凝土是其延寿的有效措施,从全寿命周期来看,重载交通在役水泥路面加铺CRC面板是其延寿的有效技术手段;未来应建立考虑在役水泥路面劣化行为、剩余强度等的寿命预估理论,开发高性能、易兼容和绿色环保的水泥路面延寿修复材料,借助服役性能多源异构大数据的感知与处理技术,完善在役水泥路面加铺结构设计的理论技术与行业规范,全面提升在役水泥路面的服役水平和使用寿命。Abstract: In order to improve the durability and service life of cement pavement in service, the mechanical response and fatigue damage evolution behavior of cement pavement structure were reviewed based on the research status of life extension repair technologies of cement pavement in China and abroad. The formation mechanism of main diseases, deterioration behavior, and characteristics of cement pavement were analyzed, and the research progresses of different deterioration behavior control technologies were summarized. Based on the idea of making full use of the residual bearing capacity of old cement pavement slabs and the research of the mechanical behavior of old cement pavement with overlay structure for life extension, a typical overlay structure of separated continuous reinforced concrete (CRC) slabs under harsh environment was proposed. The perceptive technology of service behavior of cement pavement structure was summarized. Research results show that the establishment of a mechanical model accurately reflecting the service behavior of cement pavement can provide a scientific theoretical basis for its reasonable design and accurate life prediction. Evaluating and repairing the technical condition of cement pavement in time at the initial stage of damage can extend its service life to a certain extent. Joint load transfer capacity and void beneath the slab are significant factors affecting the durability of cement pavement, which should be paid more attention in the repair process of old cement pavement. Overlaying asphalt concrete and cement concrete on old cement pavement is an effective measure to extend its life. In terms of whole life-cycle, overlaying CRC slabs is an effective technical means to extend the life of cement pavement in service with heavy traffic. In the future, a life prediction theory should be established by considering the deterioration behavior and residual strength of cement pavement in service, and high-performance, compatible, and environmentally friendly materials for life extension and repair of cement pavement should be developed. With the help of the perception and processing technologies of multi-source heterogeneous big data of service performance, the theoretical technology and industry norms of overlay structure design of cement pavement in service should be improved, and the service level and service life of cement pavement in service are comprehensively improved.
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表 1 水泥路面早期裂缝形成机理与特征
Table 1. Mechanisms and characteristics of early crack formation in cement pavement
裂缝名称 裂缝描述 形成机理 裂缝特征 沉降收缩裂缝 混凝土硬化阶段形成,为表面裂缝 混凝土离析,粗集料分离或水泥浆淌出,表面浆体水灰比大,泌水等使其收缩大,表面收缩受到内部混凝土约束 非结构性裂缝,对荷载传递无影响,裂缝可扩展,为稳定扩展裂缝 塑性收缩裂缝 混凝土凝结过程中形成,为表面裂缝 混凝土表面蒸发率大于泌水率,混合料温度高,风速大 非结构性裂缝,对荷载传递无影响,深度达3 cm以上时可扩展,形成断板,为稳定裂缝或稳定扩展裂缝 干缩裂缝 高温、刮风、低温条件下施工,混合料蒸发量大时产生 混凝土干燥收缩受到基层约束,约束应力超过混凝土强度;水灰比、水泥用量大,初期养护不好 结构性裂缝,裂缝表面具有分形性质,易引起二次开裂,为活动缝 温缩裂缝 为横向或纵向裂缝,混凝土硬化初期遇降温或切缝不及时产生 混凝土受到基层约束,约束应力大于混凝土强度而开裂;切缝不及时,板长过长 结构性裂缝,裂缝表面具有分形性质,易引起二次开裂,为活动缝 翘曲裂缝 为横向贯穿裂缝 温度和荷载组合应力超过设计允许应力 结构性裂缝,易引起二次开裂,为活动缝 表 2 疲劳累积损伤理论
Table 2. Fatigue cumulative damage theory
疲劳累积损伤理论 疲劳损伤模型 特征 优点 不足 线性疲劳累积损伤理论 Palmgren-Miner理论[60] $D_i=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k \frac{n_i}{N_i} $ 不同应力水平下发生的单次疲劳损伤进行线性求和,使得失效时的损伤不大于1 简单方便 未考虑加载顺序以及持久荷载对裂纹形成和扩展的影响 修正Palmgren-Miner理论[61] $ D_i=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k \frac{n_i a}{N_i}$ 取消临界损伤为1的假设,由试验或经验确定临界损伤 简单方便,对临界损伤进行了修正 理论的假设不能较好地预测水泥路面的疲劳寿命 双线性疲劳累积损伤理论 Manson理论 $\begin{array}{c} N_\text{z}=N_0+\Delta N=N_0+14 N_\text{z}^{0.6} \\ \text { 当 } N_\text{z}>730 \text { 时, } N_0=N_\text{z}-14 N_\text{z}^{0.6} \text {; } \\ \text { 当 } N_\text{z} \leqslant 730 \text { 时, } N_0=0 \end{array} $ 对裂纹形成和裂纹扩展的描述不准确 考虑了荷载的顺序效应和初始缺陷的影响 裂纹形成和裂纹扩展的分界点难以确定,不能直接用于工程实际 非线性疲劳累积损伤理论 Marco-Starkey理论[62] $D=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k\left(\frac{n_i}{N_i}\right)^{x_i} \quad x_i>1 $ 模型存在较大不确定因素,无法计算实际的疲劳寿命 解释了两级荷载作用下的顺序效应 未把损伤形成和扩展的两阶段分开,只能定性分析疲劳寿命 Carten-Dolan理论 $ N_{\mathrm{z}}=\frac{N_{\mathrm{a}}}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^k \alpha_i\left(\sigma_i / \sigma_{\mathrm{a}}\right)^d}$ 由d计算的疲劳寿命存在较大误差 考虑了损伤发展的非线性,能反映小荷载产生的损伤荷载之间的相互影响 未考虑损伤数量与应力作用次数的关系;未考虑d与应力状态的关系 改进Carten-Dolan理论[63] $N_{\mathrm{z}}=N_{\mathrm{a}} / \sum\limits_{i=1}^k \alpha_i\left(\frac{\sigma_i}{\sigma_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)^{\exp \left[\lambda\left(\frac{1}{A_i}-1\right)\right]} $ 引入强度退化系数,模型预测疲劳寿命结果误差控制1.5倍以内 考虑了加载后由剩余强度退化对后续损伤累积的影响,更接近实际损伤累积过程 概率疲劳累积损伤理论 概率Miner理论[64] $D_m=D_{\mathrm{a}} \vee D_{\mathrm{b}}$ 通过统计分析得到每一级载荷下对应任意破坏概率的寿命,对Miner理论的拓宽和完善 寿命、单级荷载自身的损伤度和轴载谱循环时的累积损伤度是破坏概率函数,而不是一个定值 每一级荷载需通过多个同样试件的试验,得到一系列统计值 疲劳累积损伤动态统计模型[65] $D_m=F\left(D_0, D_{\mathrm{a}}, D_{\mathrm{b}}\right) $ 临界损伤是一个随机变量,均值为1,且变异系数与疲劳寿命的变异系数近似相等 预测等幅、随机谱寿命时具有较好的精度和可靠度 仍未解决瞬时疲劳损伤的分布和临界损伤特性的问题 表 3 水泥路面结构智能感知技术研究
Table 3. Research on perceptive technologies of cement pavement structure
传感器类型 测试类型 有线/无线传输 目的 特点 机理 FBG传感器[68] 现场测试 有线 检测车辆的轴数和道路结构中引起的应变变化 嵌入50 cm的位置使平均检测到的应变降低了2.06×10-5,在470~1 170 kPa的高应力接收应变为1.03×10-5~2.30×10-5;在冬季1.0 ℃~1.5 ℃时,接收到的平均相对应变比夏季24.8 ℃~25.1 ℃时的平均相对应变高2.5倍 经过FBG传感器的车辆产生应变偏移,光学传感器信号接收装置监测由应变引起的反射光学传感器的波长或频率变化 分布式光纤传感器[69] 实验室测试 有线 估算水泥路面材料梁弯曲应变的可靠性和准确性 室内四点弯曲试验中可测量水泥混凝土梁中的应变和监测其应变分布的演变,最大感应长度为10 m,最大数据采集率为100 Hz,应变和温度分辨率分别为1.0×10-6和0.1 ℃ 通过将光波发送到光纤中来发挥作用并测量从整个光纤反射的反向散射光,反向散射是由于光纤沿线的缺陷而发生的,通过将分布式光纤传感器黏合到主结构表面或集成到主结构中来实现应变监测 应变传感器、温度传感器和检波器[70] 现场测试 无线 长期监测再生路面不同结构层的模量、应力、应变和温度随时间的演变 检波器测量垂直位移速度非常灵敏,具有较高的鲁棒性和较低的成本,当振幅超过触发阈值时信号被记录,每天记录100个重型车辆信号,并将信号整合以获得垂直位移 离散应变传感器[71] 实验室测试 有线 定位和监测水泥路面内部裂缝的形成和扩展 需要2个以上的离散应变传感器定位,测量精度较高,实验室测试的平均测量精度可达82.4%,可用于验证、控制、评估和明确水泥路面内部裂缝的扩展行为 当离散应变传感器被放置在水泥路面内时,它们会监测路面内应变场的变化,根据传感器测量值之间的实时测量来估计裂缝位置和估计裂缝位置 智能传感器网络[72] 现场测试 无线 传感器网络和传感器功能设计分开,从而实现互换性、互操作性和可扩展性 网络架构基于探地雷达通信的星型网络,适应路面结构温度的测量环境 利用互联网和GPRS公网资源,实现人机交互与管理信息系统网络,这是由浏览器用户和数据查询网站组成的星型网络,用户可以通过浏览器连接到网络,通过网络服务发起对网站的访问,实现路面结构温度的信息查询和管理 无线传感网络[73] 现场测试 无线 设计一套用于测量路面结构内部温度的监测系统 传感器的温度输入范围为-55 ℃~125 ℃,数据采集精度为0.5 ℃,数据分析精度的可编程分辨率为9~12位(0.500 0 ℃~0.062 5 ℃),传感器设计成模块化设备, 安装简单,成本低,耗能小 探头可以连续测量多个深度的路面温度和湿度,路面行驶的检测车辆上安装的通信设备可以收集附近的探头信息,探头传输最新的测量值或一组记录的数据 -
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