Research progress on strength enhancement measures of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures
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摘要: 分析了乳化沥青冷再生混合料的强度形成过程与构成机理，从外掺剂添加、结合料优化、设计方法和施工工艺改进以及再生沥青混合料回收料(RAP)预处理4个方面总结了乳化沥青冷再生沥青混合料强度的提升措施，分析对比了各种措施的提升机理和改善效果；根据各种措施存在的问题及特点，提出了相应的应用建议，并展望了未来的研究方向。研究结果表明：添加外掺剂来增强强度的研究相对较多，其次是优化结合料，改善混合料设计方法和施工工艺以及RAP预处理的研究较少，但这几个方面对于混合料强度的增加均有广阔的应用前景；外掺剂中，水泥最为常用，研究也最为系统，其增强效果要优于石灰，但掺量过高会导致低温抗裂性不足；火山灰质材料同样存在此问题，且杂质较多；纤维改善效果较为均衡，但受种类、掺量、添加顺序等因素影响；再生剂能够提高耐久性，但对早期强度不利；关于结合料，乳化沥青的慢裂性质有助于整体强度，高黏快凝有利于早期强度，掺量应适中，推荐3.5%~4.0%；改性乳化沥青应根据具体气候环境条件进行选择；改善混合料设计方法和施工工艺主要是从级配、含水率、结构层厚度、拌和顺序、压实养护方法等方面进行，强度增强效果相对较小，可作为附加改善条件；使用大掺量RAP的趋势使得RAP预处理技术变得更为重要，目前主要集中于降低结团率、级配分档、严控RAP储存条件和RAP表面化学改性4个方面。未来的研究应从以下几个方面进行：进一步明确火山灰质材料与乳化沥青之前的相互作用机理，以确定最佳掺量及剔除其中的杂质；探索不同外掺剂以及不同改性剂在提高混合料强度方面的复配应用；根据强度构成机理，探究多个提升措施的改善效果，以得到一个均衡的强度提升措施体系；重点关注RAP的预处理手段，探索RAP表面物理特性预处理对乳化沥青冷再生混合料强度的增强机理及效果。Abstract: The strength formation process and composition mechanism of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures were analyzed. The measures to improve the strength of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures were summarized from four aspects, including addition of additives, optimization of binding materials, improvement of design methods and construction processes, and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) pretreatment. The enhancement mechanism and improvement effect of various measures were analyzed and compared. According to the problems and characteristics of various measures, corresponding application suggestions were put forward, and future research directions were foreseen. Analysis results show that the addition of additives to enhance the strength has been relatively well studied, followed by the optimization of binding materials, and less research has been done to improve mixture design methods and construction processes, as well as RAP pretreatment, however, these aspects have promising applications for increasing the strength of the mixture. Among the additives, cement is the most commonly used and systematically studied, and its enhancement effect is better than that of lime, but too high cement content will lead to insufficient crack resistance at low temperatures. Volcanic ash material also suffers from this problem and has more impurities. Fiber has a more balanced improvement effect, but is affected by the type, doping amount, adding order, and other factors. Regenerating agent can improve durability, but is not favorable for early strength. In terms of binding material, the slow cracking nature of emulsified asphalt contributes to the overall strength, high viscosity and fast setting are beneficial to early strength, and the doping amount should be moderate and recommended at 3.5%-4.0%. Modified emulsified asphalt should be selected according to specific climatic and environmental conditions. The mixture design methods and construction processes are mainly improved in terms of the aggregate, moisture content, structural layer thickness, mixing sequence, and compaction and curing methods, with a slight strength enhancement effect, which can be used as an additional improvement condition. The trend of using large amounts of RAP makes RAP pretreatment technology more important, which currently focuses on four aspects: reduction of agglomeration rate, grading classification, strict control of RAP storage conditions, and chemical modification of RAP surface. Future research should be conducted in the following aspects: further clarifying the interaction mechanism between volcanic ash materials and emulsified asphalt to determine the optimal doping amount and remove impurities, exploring the joint application of different additives and different modifiers in improving the strength of the mixture, investigating the improvement effect of multiple enhancement measures according to the strength formation mechanism to obtain a balanced system of strength enhancement measures, focusing on the pretreatment means of RAP, and exploring the enhancement mechanism and effect of RAP surface physical properties pretreatment on the strength of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures.
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图 1 乳化沥青冷再生混合料强度形成过程
Figure 1. Strength formation process of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures
图 3 水泥乳化沥青立体网状结构
Figure 3. Three-dimensional network structure of cement emulsified asphalt
图 8 环氧树脂与水性固化剂的固化反应
Figure 8. Curing reaction of epoxy resin and waterborne curing agent
表 1 不同添加顺序下ECRM试验结果
Table 1. Results of ECRM tests with different addition sequences
试验条件 毛体积相对密度 空隙率/% 劈裂强度/MPa 不添加纤维 2.301 8.06 0.89 干拌时添加 2.290 8.52 0.87 加水后添加 2.289 8.55 1.03 加乳化沥青后添加 2.293 8.40 0.90 
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表 2 部分再生剂参数
Table 2. Parameters of some regenerants
文献 再生剂种类 黏度 饱和分比例/% 芳香分比例/% 黏度比 薄膜烘箱试验后质量损失/% 说明 [39] 普通再生剂 60 ℃动力黏度为2.3 Pa·s 25 75 2.10 1.60 [42] R1(基础油+ 增塑剂+抗老化剂) 60 ℃运动黏度为642 mm2·s-1 23 68 1.69 2.23 R1+乳化剂 乳化剂作用：进一步降低再生剂黏度，乳液破乳后，发挥再生作用的是R1 [43] 轻质油分+ 普通再生剂 60 ℃运动黏度为155 mm2·s-1 ≤30 ≥70 ≤3.00 [44] 芳烃油 100 ℃运动黏度为35 mm2·s-1 芳烃含量为83%，闪点为240 ℃，苯胺点为35.5 ℃，凝点为3 ℃，折光率为1.573，水分为0.003%，灰分为0.03% [41] 以抽出油为主要成分的高浓度乳化材料 使用方法：混合RAP与再生剂，在25 ℃下保存5~7 d
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表 3 外掺剂对ECRM强度的影响
Table 3. Effects of additives on strengths of ECRM
外掺剂种类 推荐使用方式 早期强度 高温性能 低温性能 抗水损害性能 抗疲劳性能 石灰 一般掺量不大于2% + + - + 水泥 一般掺量为1%~2% ++ + - + 火山灰质材料 根据物理、力学性能及环境所需确定最佳掺量和种类 + + - + + 纤维 + + + + + 再生剂 - - + + +
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表 5 改性乳化沥青对ECRM强度的影响
Table 5. Influences of modified emulsified asphalts on strengths of ECRM
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表 6 结合料对ECRM强度的影响
Table 6. Effects of bonding materials on strengths of ECRM
优化结合料方法 推荐使用方式 早期强度 高温性能 低温性能 抗水损害性能 抗疲劳性能 优选乳化沥青种类 高黏、慢裂、快凝 + 优选乳化沥青掺量 掺量3.5%~4.0% + 改性乳化沥青 根据气候环境选择适合的改性剂 早期强度和耐久性均有所提升，但不同改性剂提升效果不同，详情见表 5
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表 7 国内外部分地区对ECRM拌和顺序的规定
Table 7. Specifications on ECRM mixing sequence in some regions at home and abroad
地区 拌和顺序 山西 RAP、新矿料先干拌30 s，再加水拌和60 s，最后加入乳化沥青拌和60 s 山东 RAP、新矿料和水泥进行干拌，再与水拌和，最后加入乳化沥青 维特根 RAP、水泥和少量水先进行拌和，再加入乳化沥青，最后加入剩余水 RAP、乳化沥青、水泥和水同时拌和 纽约 RAP先与水拌和，再加入乳化沥青 明尼苏达 RAP先与水拌和，再加入乳化沥青 挪威 RAP、沥青和水同时拌和 南非 RAP先与水泥拌和，再加水拌和并放置15~30 min，最后加入乳化沥青拌和并放置40~60 min
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表 8 混合料设计方法和施工工艺对ECRM强度的影响
Table 8. Effects of design methods of mixture and construction process on strength of ECRM
提升措施 推荐使用方式 早期强度 高温性能 低温性能 抗水损害性能 抗疲劳性能 级配设计 保证骨架形成的同时采用较细级配 + + + 含水率设计 使用最佳有效液体含量 + + 结构层厚度 在限制条件内尽可能提高 + + + 拌和顺序 若能够制备均匀的水泥-乳化沥青砂浆，推荐RAP、新矿料与水拌和，同时乳化沥青、水泥和水拌和，最后两者混合，否则推荐RAP、新矿料与水先拌和，再加入乳化沥青拌和，最后加入水泥 + + 压实方法 旋转压实法、振动压实法 + + + 养护方式 适宜较高温度、微波加热 + +
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表 9 回收破碎方式及特点
Table 9. Recycling crushing methods and characteristics
破碎方式 特点 人工破碎 风镐破碎 适用于小工程以及大型机械设备无法进入的地方，工作效率慢 液压钳破碎 机械破碎 铣刨破碎 铣刨破碎机 主要用于现场破碎，操作简单、机动性好、作业灵活，自动化程度高，能够调整铣刨机参数得到所需集料粒径尺寸 刨松破碎 挖掘机破碎锤 主要辅助类破碎机械手段，机械成本低，对RAP级配破坏小，但工作效率较慢，机械调配复杂，仍会有结团现象 推土机松土器
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表 10 常用破碎方式与特点
Table 10. General crushing methods and characteristics
破碎方式 特点 冲击式破碎 反击式破碎机 生产效率高，集料颗粒形态较好，但用于破碎RAP时，结团率仍然较高，假大粒径集料仍然较多 锤式破碎机 减少块体微裂缝，但易产生大量粉碎性物体，利用率变差 立轴冲击式破碎机 破碎效率高，针片状含量少，可用于石料整形，但冲击力过大，易打碎集料，细化原有级配 压缩型破碎 颚式破碎 主要用于粗料破碎，但破碎速度慢，RAP易结团造成堵塞，且细化原有级配 圆锥式破碎机 破碎比大，工作效率高，但破碎RAP易结团造成堵塞，且细化原有级配 锟式破碎机 双浮动式 可保证旧集料不被破碎，但极易产生假大粒径集料 固定式 压力较大，集料易被破碎 单浮动式 一边有缓冲弹簧，可以使RAP充分破碎且与原级配接近 离心式破碎 转子离心式破碎机 可以得到沥青含量较少的粗料和沥青含量较多的细料
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表 11 RAP预处理方式对ECRM强度的影响
Table 11. Effects of RAP pretreatment modes on strength of ECRM
RAP预处理方式 推荐使用方式 早期强度 高温性能 低温性能 抗水损害性能 抗疲劳性能 说明 优化RAP级配 降低结团率 反击式+单浮动双锟式或转子离心式破碎机 保证RAP质量及级配 级配分档 分为2档或3档 堆放条件 控制RAP含水率、堆放高度 旧料分离 将旧沥青和旧石料分离 + + + 改善RAP表面特性 化学改性 使用消石灰溶液或硅烷偶联剂浸泡RAP + + + 物理改性 增加RAP表面物理构造深度 理论上增加，需进一步实践完善
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