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摘要: 基于桥梁全寿命周期成本分析理论，系统归纳了长寿命耐候钢桥各阶段成本组成特点，明确了长寿命耐候钢桥全寿命周期经济性评估内容与特征参数，给出了长寿命耐候钢桥成本计算基本假设；从免涂装耐候钢桥与涂装钢桥成本差异出发，对比分析了2种钢桥建设阶段、运营阶段成本计算方法，建立了长寿命耐候钢桥全寿命周期经济性评估模型；以中国3座长寿命免涂装耐候钢组合梁桥为例，计算了长寿命耐候钢桥全寿命周期各阶段成本，明确了涂装、维护方案对长寿命耐候钢桥全寿命周期成本经济性的参数化影响，分析了长寿命免涂装耐候钢桥全寿命周期成本经济性优势。研究结果表明: 免涂装耐候钢桥与涂装钢桥成本差异主要体现在钢材与焊接材料价格、锈层检测成本、涂装维护成本与由此产生的环境及用户成本；与4种涂装钢桥相比，免涂装耐候钢桥全寿命周期成本减少11%~21%，在全寿命周期具有显著的经济性优势；水洗周期对成本具有显著影响，水洗周期从每6年1次增加到每年1次时，增加成本占全寿命周期成本差比的5%~11%；当免涂装耐候钢桥涂装面积达70%左右时，其全寿命周期成本大于涂装钢桥。长寿命耐候钢桥全寿命周期经济性评估模型可为桥梁方案设计与技术经济性比选提供依据，从而促进长寿命耐候钢桥的推广应用。Abstract: Based on the life-cycle cost analysis theory of bridges, the cost characteristics of long lasting weathering steel bridges at different stages were systematically summarized, and the contents and characteristic parameters of the life-cycle economic evaluation of long lasting weathering steel bridges were clarified. Also, the basic assumptions for cost calculation of long lasting weathering steel bridges were provided. Two cost calculation methods at construction and operation stages were analyzed by comparing the cost difference between uncoated weathering steel bridges and coated steel bridges, and a life-cycle economic evaluation model of long lasting weathering steel bridges was established. Three long lasting uncoated weathering steel composite bridges in China were taken as examples to calculate the life-cycle cost of bridges at each stage. The economic parametric influence of coating and maintenance methods on the life-cycle cost of long lasting weathering steel bridges was clarified, and the economic advantage of the life-cycle cost of long lasting uncoated weathering steel bridges was analyzed. Research results show that the cost difference between uncoated weathering steel bridges and coated steel bridges mainly lies in the prices of steel and welding materials, patina detection cost, coating maintenance cost, and resulting environmental and user cost. Compared with four coated steel bridges, the cost of uncoated weathering steel bridges reduces by 11%-21% in the life-cycle, and they have significant economic advantages throughout the life-cycle. Washing cycle has a significant influence on cost that increases by 5%-11% throughout the life-cycle when the cycle changes from once every six years to once every year. When the coating area of uncoated weathering steel bridges reaches about 70%, their life-cycle costs are greater than that of coated steel bridges. The life-cycle economic evaluation model of long lasting weathering steel bridges can provide a basis for bridge scheme design and analysis of techno-economic cost performance, which will promote the promotion and application of long lasting weathering steel bridges.
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图 3 眉县常兴二号桥主梁横断面
Figure 3. Cross section of main girder of Changxing No.2 Bridge in Meixian County
图 5 黄延高速K16+322.607跨线桥主梁横断面
Figure 5. Cross section of main girder of Huangyan Highway K16+322.607 Viaduct
图 7 黄延高速K18+496.141跨线桥主梁横断面
Figure 7. Cross section of main girder of Huangyan Highway K18+496.141 Viaduct
图 8 耐候钢桥与涂装钢桥全寿命周期成本变化
Figure 8. Life-cycle cost changes of weathering steel bridge and coated steel bridge
表 1 对比方案参数
Table 1. Comparison scheme parameters
方案 涂装体系 涂装一般维修周期/年 涂装一般维修次数 涂装大维修周期/年 涂装大维修次数 100年 150年 200年 100年 150年 200年 1 免涂装耐候钢桥 2 第5套(溶剂型): 特制环氧富锌防锈底漆-80 μm，棕红云铁环氧中间漆-40 μm，灰铝粉石墨醇酸面漆-70 μm 5.0 16 24 32 25 4 6 8 3 第6套(溶剂型): 特制环氧富锌防锈底漆-80 μm，棕红云铁环氧中间漆-40 μm，灰色丙烯酸脂肪族聚氨酯面漆-70 μm 12.5 4 6 8 25 4 6 8 4 第7套(溶剂型): 特制环氧富锌防锈底漆-80 μm，棕红云铁环氧中间漆-40 μm，氟碳面漆-60 μm 25 4 6 8 5 第7套(水性): 特制环氧富锌防锈底漆-80 μm，棕红云铁环氧中间漆-40 μm，氟碳面漆-60 μm 25 4 6 8 
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表 2 全寿命周期成本
Table 2. Life-cycle cost
设计使用年限/年 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5 100 150 200 100 150 200 100 150 200 100 150 200 100 150 200 眉县常兴二号桥 建设阶段/万元 654.3 654.3 654.3 646.2 646.2 646.2 649.6 649.6 649.6 665.2 665.2 665.2 709.6 709.6 709.6 运营阶段/万元 5.7 5.8 5.8 201.8 210.4 212.3 100.8 105.1 106.1 67.2 70.0 70.7 132.1 137.7 139.0 全寿命周期/万元 660.0 660.1 660.1 848.0 856.6 858.5 750.5 754.7 755.7 732.4 735.3 735.9 841.7 847.3 848.6 成本差比/% 28.5 29.8 30.1 13.7 14.3 14.5 11.0 11.4 11.5 27.5 28.4 28.6 黄延高速K16+ 322.607跨线桥 建设阶段/万元 158.8 158.8 158.8 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.6 157.6 157.6 160.2 160.2 160.2 167.6 167.6 167.6 运营阶段/万元 1.7 1.7 1.8 35.7 37.2 37.6 18.6 19.4 19.6 14.6 15.2 15.3 23.7 24.7 24.9 全寿命周期/万元 160.5 160.5 160.5 192.8 194.3 194.6 176.2 177.0 177.2 174.8 175.4 175.6 191.3 192.3 192.6 成本差比/% 20.1 21.0 21.2 9.8 10.3 10.4 8.9 9.3 9.4 19.2 19.8 20.0 黄延高速K18+ 496.141跨线桥 建设阶段/万元 144.8 144.8 144.8 143.1 143.1 143.1 143.7 143.7 143.7 146.3 146.3 146.3 153.7 153.7 153.7 运营阶段/万元 1.6 1.7 1.7 35.3 36.8 37.1 18.1 18.9 19.1 14.1 14.7 14.9 23.3 24.3 24.5 全寿命周期/万元 146.5 146.5 146.5 178.4 179.9 180.2 161.8 162.6 162.8 160.4 161.0 161.2 177.0 177.9 178.2 成本差比/% 21.8 22.8 23.0 10.5 11.0 11.1 9.5 9.9 10.0 20.8 21.5 21.6
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表 3 免涂装耐候钢桥维护成本净现值对比计算
Table 3. Comparative calculation of net present values of maintenance costs for uncoated weathering steel bridges
维护方式 单次水洗或初始涂装成本/万元 涂装维护成本 维护总成本净现值/万元 全寿命周期成本差比/% 一般维护/万元 大涂装维护/万元 水洗周期 每6年1次 0.3 1.3 1.2~1.9 每4年1次 0.3 2.0 1.1~3.2 每2年1次 0.3 4.1 2.2~5.3 每年1次 0.3 8.3 5.2~11.3 涂装体系(涂装面积占比约10%) 第5套 3.2 2.9 4.9 19.4 11.1~28.8 第6套 3.5 3.1 5.2 11.7 7.4~17.1 第7套(溶剂型) 5.1 0.0 6.8 10.6 6.4~15.9 第7套(水性) 9.4 0.0 12.8 19.8 11.9 ~29.8
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