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摘要: 为推进高速公路路域内光伏的应用，以Python程序语言中OpenCV库为工具，提取高速路线图中的路线图像并投影至光辐射量分布图，分析在各辐射区域内的高速公路路线长度及其比例；计算了高速公路各类基础设施的占地面积，并采用JNMM60光伏组件参数计算了高速公路路域内的光伏发电潜力；将高速公路运营期及智慧高速路侧设备的电力需求与光伏发电潜力进行对比，并对光伏建设投资成本进行测算。分析结果表明：高速公路路域内的年平均辐射为1 523.865 kW·h·m-2，每平米光伏用地年发电量为63.27 kW·h，全国高速公路总体占地面积在2020年底和2025年底分别可达到约4.9×105、6.4×105 hm2，光伏发电潜力巨大；分别仅需在75%的高速服务管理区域及10%的路侧区域内安装光伏设备即可满足高速公路运营期内及智慧高速路侧设备的全部电力需求，且仅需4~6年即可回收建设成本；在高速公路路域内大规模铺设光伏设备仍面临初始建设投资成本巨大、光伏产能技术不足、配套设施需求巨大、光伏设施与道路交通环境相互影响不明、供需空间匹配性较差及大规模光伏规划设计管理系统方法欠缺等困难。Abstract: In order to promote the application of photovoltaic (PV) in the expressway area, the OpenCV library in the Python programming language was used as a tool, and the route images in the expressway route map were extracted and projected to the light radiation distribution map. The length of the expressway in each radiation area and its proportion were analyzed. The land areas of various types of expressway infrastructures were calculated. The JNMM60 PV module parameters were adopted to calculate the PV power potential in the expressway area. The power demands of expressway operation period and intelligent expressway roadside equipments were compared with the PV power potential, and the PV construction and investment costs were calculated. Analysis results show that the annual average radiation in the expressway area is 1 523.865 kW·h·m-2, and the annual power generation per square meter of PV land is 63.27 kW·h. The land area of the nationwide expressway can reach about 4.9×105 hm2 by the end of 2020 and 6.4×105 hm2 by the end of 2025, indicating great PV power potential. Only 75% of the expressway service management area and 10% of the roadside area require the installation of PV equipment to meet all the power demands during the expressway operation period and those of intelligent expressway roadside equipments, and it only takes 4-6 years to recover the construction cost. The large-scale installation of PV equipment in the expressway area still faces difficulties, such as huge initial construction and investment costs, insufficient of PV production capacity and technology, large demand for supporting facilities, unknown interaction between PV infrastructure and road traffic environment, poor space matching between supply and demand, and lack of large-scale PV planning and design management system methods. 14 tabs, 4 figs, 42 refs.
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Key words:
- road engineering /
- expressway /
- power demand /
- photovoltaic power /
- Python /
- image analysis
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图 1 各地区已建及规划建设高速公路里程
Figure 1. Expressway mileages built and planned for construction in various regions
图 3 高速公路里程与平均车道数变化趋势
Figure 3. Change trend in mileages and average lane numbers of expressways
表 1 辐照能量密度分布
Table 1. Distributions of energy densities of irradiation
辐照能量密度/ (kW·h·m-2) 色域像素点数 比例/ % 占地面积/ (104 km2) 辐照能量密度加权均值/(kW·h·m-2) [901, 1 000) 20 534 1.95 18.69 18.5 [1 000, 1 200) 83 111 7.88 75.63 86.7 [1 200, 1 400) 139 455 13.22 126.91 171.9 [1 400, 1 600) 92 266 8.75 83.97 131.2 [1 600, 1 800) 140 429 13.31 127.80 226.4 [1 800, 2 000) 271 456 25.73 247.04 489.1 [2 000, 2 200) 200 072 18.96 182.08 398.4 [2 200, 2 400) 100 946 9.57 91.87 220.1 [2 400, 2 472) 6 604 0.63 6.01 15.3 
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表 2 各辐照区域路线里程分布
Table 2. Distributions of route mileage in each irradiated area
辐照能量密度/ (kW·h·m-2) [901, 1 000) [1 000, 1 200) [1 200, 1 400) [1 400, 1 600) [1 600, 1 800) [1 800, 2 000) [2 000, 2 200) [2 200, 2 400) [2 400, 2 472) 路线里程/ km 放射线 0 1 476 3 165 3 078 3 326 1 245 2 503 1 848 0 横线 2 013 5 662 9 568 5 876 4 669 1 923 338 43 3 纵线 1 293 5 888 10 396 5 593 4 292 3 406 1 519 131 0 联络线 2 769 9 370 19 702 11 846 13 254 11 966 3 892 2 041 118 展望线 0 0 0 0 1 044 4 311 724 1 194 515 路线里程合计/km 6 075 22 396 42 831 26 393 26 585 22 851 8 976 5 257 636 里程占比/% 3.75 13.82 26.44 16.29 16.41 14.11 5.54 3.25 0.39
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表 3 高速公路运营设施各类能源消耗比例
Table 3. Proportions of various types of energy consumption of expressway operation facilities
% 能源类型 电能 燃油 液化气 水 能耗比例 85.39 12.15 1.44 1.02
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表 4 高速公路服务设施用地情况
Table 4. Land situation of expressway service facilities
年份 设施类型 数量/处 单处用地面积/hm2 总用地面积/hm2 2020年底 停车区 10 733 1 10 733 服务区 3 220 4 12 880 2025年底 停车区 14 000 1 14 000 服务区 4 200 4 16 800 2035年底 停车区 10 800 1 10 800 服务区 3 240 4 12 960
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表 5 高速公路车道数分布
Table 5. Distribution of expressway lane number
车道数 2020年底 2025年底 2035年底 4车道 比例/% 79.50 74.50 64.50 里程/104 km 12.80 15.64 10.45 6车道 比例/% 16.50 21.50 31.50 里程/104 km 5.10 2.66 4.51 8车道 比例/% 4.00 4.00 4.00 里程/104 km 0.64 0.84 0.65 平均车道数/个 4.49 4.59 4.79 总里程/104 km 16.10 20.99 16.20
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表 6 各类地形坡度占比
Table 6. Sloping percentages of each type of terrain
地形坡度类型 分类标准 面积占比/% Ⅰ类 坡度不超过3° 32.530 Ⅱ类 坡度为3°~20°, 相对高差不超过200 m 40.065 Ⅲ类 坡度不低于20°，相对高差超过200 m 27.405
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表 7 高速公路管理设施用地情况
Table 7. Land situation of expressway management facilities hm2
用地指标 2020年底 2025年底 2035年底 路基 444 294.8 586 822.0 464 747.1 监控分中心 2 822.5 3 688.9 2 862.1 监控站 1 411.3 1 844.6 1 431.1 养护工区 8 250.5 10 783.1 8 366.2 匝道收费站 5 909.0 7 818.4 6 010.6 主线收费站 742.1
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表 8 收费站及收费车道数
Table 8. Numbers of toll stations and toll lanes
收费站类型 主线收费站 匝道收费站 8车道 6车道 4车道 单一收费站 入口收费车道数/个 11 8 8 3 出口收费车道数/个 17 13 10 3 2020年底 收费站数/座 19 80 385 9 848 收费车道数/个 532 1 680 6 930 59 088 2025年底 收费站数/座 19 104 361 13 031 收费车道数/个 532 2 184 6 498 78 186 2035年底 收费站数/座 19 152 312 10 018 收费车道数/个 532 3 192 5 616 60 106
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表 9 高速公路运营期年能耗
Table 9. Annual energy consumptions during expressway operation period
类别 2020年底全国高速公路 2025年底全国高速公路 2035年国家高速公路 车道数/个 4 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 8 总里程/km 127 995 26 565 6 440 156 376 45 129 8 396 104 490 51 030 6 480 车道里程占比/% 79.5 16.5 4.0 74.5 21.5 4.0 64.5 31.5 4.0 隧道里程千分比/‰ 4.45 5.67 8.39 收费车道数/个 54 243 11 258 2 729 65 113 18 791 3 496 44 793 21 875 2 778 服务区与停车区数量 11 093 2 302 558 13 559 3 913 728 9 056 4 423 562 能耗/(GW·h) 18 171.34 3 772.70 916.64 22 149.31 6 393.36 1 191.61 14 861.38 7 259.13 924.10 总能耗/(GW·h) 22 860.68 29 734.30 23 044.62 电能占比/% 85.39 85.39 85.39 总耗电量/(GW·h) 19 520.01 25 389.17 19 677.06
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表 10 路侧典型智能设备及其年能耗
Table 10. Typical roadside intelligent devices and its annual power consumptions
设备 功率/W 间距/km 总能耗/(kW·h·m-1) 数据来源 PD-132A型智能车辆检测器 4.5 0.50 33.89 文献[26] 紧急电话 1.0 0.50 FT-GLQX高速公路气象监测站 10.0 20.00 《关于印发全国高速公路交通气象观测站网布局方案(2012—2014年)的通知》 DNQ1-V35能见度传感器 3.0 20.00 DS-2CD4A26FWD-LZS/P型智能摄像机 24.0 0.80 《智慧高速公路第1部分：总体技术要求》 (DB50/T 10001.1—2021) Melon MOX-BOX1型边缘计算设备 36.0 0.80 EPISTAR诱导灯 144.0 0.04 VTD型视频交通事件检测器 100.0 1.50 《智慧高速公路建设指南》(暂行) HIK-R1-JXO11L/D(DT)型RSU 12.0 0.80 文献[27] 门架式公路LED可变信息标志 2 500.0 25.00 《公路LED可变信息标志能效限定值及能效等级》(征求意见稿编制说明)
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表 11 JNMM60型光伏电池组件参数
Table 11. Parameters of JNMM60 PV module
组件大小/ m2 组件尺寸(长×宽×高)/mm 单位组件用地面积/m2 光电转换效率/% 1.66 1 665×996×35 5 19.3
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表 12 高速公路路域内光伏发电潜力
Table 12. PV power potentials in expressway road area
测算方式 发电量/(GW·h) 2020年底 2025年底 2035年底 方式1 101 863.39 132 802.02 102 496.08 方式2 20 284.96 26 446.04 20 486.03 方式3 120 796.02 157 484.99 121 616.38 方式4 308 148.31 406 538.88 321 356.40 传统电力需求 19 520.01 25 389.17 19 677.06 智慧高速能耗 5 455.72 7 112.77 5 489.61
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表 13 高速公路各类运营设施年耗电
Table 13. Annual power consumptions of various types of expressway operation facilities
基础设施 电能消耗量/(kW·h) 隧道 每米为1 182.59 收费站 每车道为19 425.22 服务区 每平米为118.19 停车区 每平米为79.83 养护区 每平米为38.98 沿线照明 每平米为6.09 监控管理中心 每平米为168.62 路侧智能设施 每米为33.89
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表 14 光伏成本分析结果
Table 14. Analysis result of PV cost
成本指标 2025年 2030年 LCOE/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.20 0.18 抵购电电价/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.64 上网余电电价/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.37 碳排放因子/[kg·(kW·h)-1] 0.53 0.43 每吨碳价/元 87 139 年运维费用/(元·W-1) 0.045 0.044 初始全投资/(元·kW-1) 3 686 3 433 抵购电平均收益/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.49 0.52 上网余电平均收益/[元·(kW·h)-1] 0.22 0.25 抵购电年收益/元 915.36 934.92 上网余电年收益/元 541.28 560.84 抵购电投资回收期/年 4.03 3.67 上网余电投资回收期/年 6.81 6.12
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