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摘要: 为评价公路光伏边坡(HPVS)的风荷载情况，采用刚性测压风洞试验研究了风向角、组件倾角、边坡坡度和阵列位置等参数对公路光伏边坡风荷载的影响规律，提出了边坡坡度影响因子和风向角影响因子，并基于风洞试验结果给出了考虑风向角和边坡坡度的HPVS风荷载标准值修正参数和计算方法。研究结果表明：HPVS的风荷载特性存在显著的边坡效应，且HPVS下游组件受边坡效应的影响更加突出；在正风向角时，HPVS具有风荷载放大效应，表现为小坡度时放大风压力，大坡度时放大风吸力；在负风向角时，HPVS具有风荷载阻滞效应，大坡度时风荷载接近0；在小坡度条件下，风向角为30°时HPVS风压力最大，在风向角为150°时风吸力最大；HPVS组件倾角的变化会显著改变公路边坡效应，相比无边坡时，有边坡时HPVS组件倾角对其整体体型系数影响更加剧烈；在相同边坡坡度下，HPVS组件的体型系数随倾角的增大而增大，边坡坡度为30°时，随着HPVS组件倾角的变化，HPVS所受风荷载甚至由风吸力转变为风压力；边坡坡度小于20°时，组件整体与下表面体型系数在正风向下受边坡坡度影响较小，边坡效应不显著，边坡坡度大于20°后，其对正风向下组件整体和下表面体型系数的影响逐渐增强，边坡效应愈发显著；边坡坡度与组件倾角一致时，HPVS整体风荷载受边坡结构扰动较小。综上所述，研究结果为HPVS设计提供了风荷载计算基础依据。Abstract: To evaluate the wind load situation on highway photovoltaic slopes (HPVS), a rigid piezometric wind tunnel test was applied to explore the influences of key parameters on the wind load on HPVS, including the wind direction angle, module inclination angle, slope gradient and array position. The slope gradient factor and wind direction angle factor were proposed, and according to the wind tunnel test, a method was provided to estimate the standard value of the wind load of HPVS based on the wind direction angle and slope gradient. Research results show that the slope effect brings a significant influence on HPVS wind load characteristics, and it is more apparent in the downstream elements of HPVS. At positive wind direction angles, the HPVS shows an amplification effect. The effect manifests as amplified wind pressures at small slopes and amplified wind suction at large slopes. It also presents a wind load blocking effect at negative wind direction angles, while the whole wind load is close to zero at large slopes. Under small slope conditions, the wind pressure on HPVS reaches the highest as the wind direction angle is 30°, while the wind suction is the largest when the wind direction angle is 150°. The HPVS is significantly affected by the change of its module inclination angle. Compared to the one without slope, the HPVS module inclination angle with slope has more severe impact on its whole shape coefficient. With the same slope gradient, the shape coefficient of the HPVS module increases with the rise of the module inclination angle. When the slope gradient is 30°, the changing of the HPVS module inclination angle results in the HPVS wind load turning from wind suctions to wind pressures. When the slope gradient is less than 20°, the shape coefficients of the whole module and the lower surface are less affected by the slope gradient at positive wind direction angles. The slope effect is relatively insignificant. When the slope gradient is higher than 20°, the slope gradient shows an increasing remarkable influence on the shape coefficients of the whole module and the lower surface at positive wind direction angles. Meanwhile, the slope effect strengthens gradually. When the slope gradient is close to the module inclination angle, the whole HPVS wind load is slightly affected by the slope structure. In summary, the research results provide a foundation for the wind load calculation in HPVS design.
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Key words:
- highway engineering /
- photovoltaic slope /
- slope effect /
- wind tunnel test /
- shape coefficient /
- impact factor
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图 3 组件体型系数随风向角的变化
Figure 3. Variations of shape coefficients of modules with wind direction angle
图 4 无边坡时倾角对组件体型系数的影响
Figure 4. Effects of inclination angle on shape coefficients of modules without slope
图 5 边坡坡度为30°时倾角对组件体型系数的影响
Figure 5. Effects of inclination angle on shape coefficients of modules when slope gradient is 30°
图 6 倾角和边坡坡度对组件体型系数的影响
Figure 6. Effects of inclination angle and slope gradient on shape coefficients of modules
图 7 组件体型系数随边坡坡度的变化
Figure 7. Variations of shape coefficients of modules with slope gradient
图 8 组件上表面体型系数随倾角和坡度的变化
Figure 8. Variations of shape coefficients on upper surfaces of modules with inclination angle and slope gradient
图 9 组件下表面体型系数随倾角和坡度的变化
Figure 9. Variations of shape coefficients on lower surfaces of modules with inclination and slope gradient
表 1 风洞试验工况
Table 1. Wind tunnel test conditions
工况编号 边坡坡度/(°) 组件倾角/(°) 排间距/mm 风向角/(°) 1 0 20 150 0~180 2 0 30 150 0~180 3 15 20 150 0~180 4 20 20 150 0~180 5 30 20 150 0~180 6 40 20 150 0~180 7 45 20 150 0~180 8 30 10 150 0~180 9 30 20 150 0~180 
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表 2 公路光伏边坡坡度影响因子
Table 2. Slope gradient impact factors for HPVS
风向角/(°) 位置 不同坡度/(°)下的坡度影响因子 0 15 20 30 40 45 0 1 1.000 0.960 0.875 0.382 -0.044 -0.185 2 1.000 1.090 0.922 0.179 -0.664 -1.142 30 1 1.000 0.913 0.798 0.349 -0.048 -0.141 2 1.000 1.047 0.893 0.261 -0.570 -0.968 60 1 1.000 0.820 0.668 0.289 0.015 -0.079 2 1.000 1.085 0.994 0.506 -0.391 -0.938 120 1 1.000 0.867 0.723 0.057 -0.123 -0.010 2 1.000 1.186 1.058 -0.255 0.135 0.463 150 1 1.000 0.509 0.162 0.065 0.053 0.070 2 1.000 1.131 0.607 0.139 0.067 0.099 180 1 1.000 0.285 0.067 0.064 0.079 0.077 2 1.000 0.876 0.563 0.083 0.070 0.116
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表 3 公路光伏边坡风向角影响因子
Table 3. Wind direction angle impact factors for HPVS
位置 不同风向角/(°)下的风向角影响因子 0 30 60 120 150 180 1 1.000 1.060 0.593 -0.209 -0.707 -0.898 2 1.000 1.023 0.503 -0.482 -1.100 -1.175
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