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摘要: 针对高速列车运行过程中普遍存在的轮轨激励问题，系统归纳了轮轨激励常用的研究方法，分析了引起轨道不平顺、车轮非圆等轮轨激励的原因及其作用机制，重点研究了车轮多边形磨耗、钢轨波磨等中高频轮轨激励的形成机理；从动力学性能和噪声方面阐述了轮轨激励作用对高速列车运行品质的影响，从疲劳损伤的角度分析了轮轨激励对车辆/轨道系统零部件服役性能的影响；结合现有监测技术和轮轨激励研究方法，提出了高速列车轮轨激励的研究展望。研究结果表明：现场观测、数值仿真和试验模拟是目前研究轮轨激励最常用的方法；轮轨摩擦自激振动、车辆/轨道系统零部件结构共振、材料自身特性及工艺质量是导致轮轨激励形成的根本原因；系统结构参数、运行速度、里程、载重、线路条件等因素都会影响轮轨激励的形成和发展；低频激励的存在虽然会限制列车曲线通过速度，但对车辆/轨道系统零部件服役性能影响不大；中高频激励会严重影响列车运行品质，使系统长期处于中高频振动状态，引起零部件的结构共振，加速系统零部件的疲劳损伤；建议结合实时监测技术和精准的检测手段对轮轨激励形成机理和发展过程展开深入研究，并可通过轮轨匹配型面优化、工艺设备和减振降噪装置智能化产品的研发、车辆/轨道系统结构优化和维护保养等措施来抑制或减缓轮轨激励的产生和发展。Abstract: To address the ubiquitous wheel-rail excitation problem encountered during the operation of high-speed trains, common research methods of wheel-rail excitation were systematically generalized. The factors and action mechanisms of wheel-rail excitations, such as track irregularity and non-circular wheel, were researched, and the formation mechanisms of medium- and high-frequency wheel-rail excitations, such as the polygonal wear of wheels and rail corrugation, were emphatically analyzed. The influence of wheel-rail excitation on the riding quality of high-speed train was discussed in terms of dynamics performance and noise, and that on the service performance of vehicle-rail parts was analyzed in terms of fatigue damage. Considering the existing monitoring technologies and research methods of wheel-rail excitation, the research prospect of wheel-rail excitation of high-speed trains was proposed. Analysis result demonstrates that the field observation, numerical simulation, and experimental simulation are commonly employed to study the wheel-rail excitation. The frictional self-excited vibration of the wheel-rail system, the structural resonance of vehicle-rail components, material characteristics, and process quality are the fundamental causes of wheel-rail excitation. A few indicators, including system structure parameters, operating speed, mileage, load, and line conditions, have impacts on the formation and development of wheel-rail excitation. Although the low-frequency excitation decreases the operation speed in curve segments, it has little influence on the service life of vehicle-rail components. The medium- and high-frequency excitation substantially affect the running quality of the train and maintain the system in the state of medium- and high-frequency vibration for a long time, leading to a structural resonance and exacerbating the fatigue damage of components. Real-time monitoring technology and accurate detection methods can be combined to conduct in-depth researches on the formation and development of wheel-rail excitation. The formation and development of wheel-rail excitation can be restrained or decreased by measures such as optimizing the wheel-rail matching profile, developing the process equipment and intelligent vibration noise reduction devices, and optimizing vehicle-rail the structure and maintenance. 4 tabs, 10 figs, 99 refs.
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图 3 不同行车速度下钢轨波磨激振频率
Figure 3. Vibration frequencies of rail corrugation under different driving speeds
图 9 车轮多边形磨耗对弹条疲劳寿命影响
Figure 9. Influence of polygon wear on fatigue life of elastic bar
图 10 曲线半径对弹条疲劳寿命影响
Figure 10. Influence of curve radius on fatigue life of elastic bar
表 1 轮轨激励形成机理与研究方法
Table 1. Formation mechanisms and research methods of wheel-rail excitation
激励类型 研究方法 形成机理 文献来源 钢轨波磨 数值仿真、现场观测、试验模拟 系统结构振动、材料损伤机制、轮轨自激振动、反馈振动理论 [11]、[15]、[21]、[31]、[32]、[35]、[39]、[41] 接头焊缝 现场观测、试验模拟 残余应力理论 [44] 车轮、钢轨擦伤、剥离 现场观测、试验模拟 局部高温引发材料损伤 [13] 车轮/钢轨凹坑 现场观测、试验模拟 硬物压入引发材料损伤 [37]、[43] 车轮多边形 数值仿真、现场观测、试验模拟 系统结构共振、轮轨自激振动、材料损伤 [12]、[16]、[18]、[19]、[23]~[25]、[32]、[33]、[40]、[42] 
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