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摘要: 为促进非常规交叉口设计在中国的创新应用, 选取U型回转、菱形互通式立交、借用出口车道左转、串联交叉口、连续流交叉口和平行流交叉口, 系统梳理了各种类型非常规交叉口的几何布局、信号相位相序方案和控制策略, 从理论研究和交通安全效益层面回顾了近10年来非常规交叉口的研究成果, 探讨了各种类型非常规交叉口在中国应用的可行性。分析结果表明: 非常规交叉口信号配时建模和求解没有困难, 且大多文献采用精确求解算法; 非常规交叉口效益评估结果根据文献研究对象和问题的不同存在差异, 但总体来看, U型回转不宜设在左转比例过高的交叉口, 菱形互通式立交适合于高速公路和快速路, 借用出口车道左转在左转比例较高的交叉口表现较好, 串联交叉口在过饱和状态下的效益最优, 连续流交叉口和平行流交叉口在对称需求下的效益更佳; 在交通安全方面, 设置U型回转和菱形互通式立交可以降低事故发生的可能性, 但其他几种类型非常规交叉口由于数据量较少或缺乏数据, 还没有得到统一的结论; 因非常规交叉口运行规则与驾驶人的认知存在差异, 在开放初期驾驶人会存在困惑, 采用驾驶人培训、前车提示和交警现场引导等措施是有效的, 自动驾驶技术与非常规交叉口设计相结合更有望加快非常规交叉口的应用和推广; 整体来看, U型回转、借用出口车道左转和串联交叉口在中国的应用前景良好, 菱形互通式立交在中国的适用性还需结合国内交通现况进一步探讨, 连续流交叉口和平行流交叉口由于运行规则复杂, 需先试点运行再逐步推广。Abstract: To promote the innovative application of unconventional arterial intersection design(UAID) in China, the U-turn, diverging diamond interchange, contraflow left-turn lane, tandem intersection, continuous flow intersection and parallel flow intersection were selected, the geometric layouts, signal phase sequence schemes and control strategies of various types of UAIDs were systematically sorted out. The research results of UAIDs in the recent decade were reviewed from the perspectives of theoretical research and traffic safety benefit. The application feasibilities of various types of UAIDs in China were discussed. Analysis result indicates that there are no difficulties in modelling and solving the signal timing of UAIDs, and most of the literatures adopt accurate algorithms. The benefit evaluation results of UAIDs are different according to the research objects and problems, but on the whole, the U-turn should not be set at the intersection with a high left turn proportion, the diverging diamond interchange is suitable for the freeway and expressway, the contraflow left-turn lane performs better at the intersection with a higher left turn proportion, the tandem intersection has the optimal benefit in the oversaturated state, and the continuous flow intersection and parallel flow intersection have better benefits under the symmetrical demand. In the aspect of traffic safety, setting up the U-turn and diverging diamond interchange can reduce the possibility of accident, but there is no unified conclusion for other types of UAIDs due to the lack of data or no data. Due to the difference between the operation rule of UAID and the driver's cognition, drivers will be confused in the early stage of opening up. It is effective to adopt measures such as the driver training, front vehicle prompt and traffic police on-site guidance. The combination of automatic driving technology and UAID is more hopeful to accelerate the application and promotion of UAID. On the whole, the U-turn, contraflow left-turn lane and tandem intersection have good application prospects in China, the applicability of diverging diamond interchange in China needs to be further discussed in combination with the domestic traffic situation. Due to the complex operation rules of continuous flow intersection and parallel flow intersection, it is necessary to carry on pilot operation first and then gradually popularize.
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图 14 深圳市上步路-笋岗路交叉口(CLL)
Figure 14. Intersection of Shangbu Road and Sungang Road in Shenzhen, Guangdong (CLL)
图 15 深圳市后海大道-海德一路交叉口(TI)
Figure 15. Intersection of Houhai Road and Haide First Road in Shenzhen, Guangdong (TI)
图 16 深圳市红荔路-华富路交叉口(CFI)
Figure 16. Intersection of Hongli Road and Huafu Road in Shenzhen, Guangdong (CFI)
表 1 非常规交叉口设计文献统计
Table 1. Literature statistics of UAIDs
类型 首次提出时间 研究文献 文献数量/篇 涉及机动车的文献数量/篇 涉及非机动车的文献数量/篇 涉及行人的文献数量/篇 涉及运行安全的文献数量/篇 UT 未知[11] [12]~[31] 20 15 0 0 5 DDI 2003[32] [33]~[59] 27 18 0 2 7 CLL 2013[60] [60]~[76] 17 15 0 0 2 TI 2011[78] [78]~[98] 21 19 1 0 1 CFI 1987[99] [100]~[125] 26 16 2 4 4 PFI 2007[126] [126]~[130] 5 4 0 1 0 组合优化、对比分析 [131]~[139] 9 9 0 0 0 
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表 2 主交叉口与次级交叉口间距文献梳理
Table 2. Literature review of distance between main intersection and secondary intersection
类型 地点 推荐或使用长度/m UT 美国的10个交叉口和22个交通走廊设置MUT[6], 51个交叉口设置RCUT[7] 170~230[7]、180[11]、137[12]、200[14]、150[16]、305[17]、230[19]、120[22]、200[26]、145[28]、150[30] DDI 美国、加拿大、丹麦等国家共202个交叉口设置DDI 180~230[9]、150[33]、150[34]、183[42]、127~309[59] CLL 邯郸、济南等12个城市的50多个交叉口设置CLL[75] 50[61]、50[63]、50[65]、40~60[66]、70[67]、30~70[68]、50[69]、56[71]、60[76] TI 上海、厦门[87]、深圳[95]等城市交叉口设置TI 60[83]、66[86]、140[88]、50[91]、65[96]、50~80[98] CFI 深圳[118]、美国的17个交叉口设置CFI[10] 90~150[10]、100[100]、60~150[104]、60~150[107]、100[108]、100~115[112]、106[114]、80~160[119]、50~150[123]、100[124]、100[133] PFI 91.5[127]、≥80[129]、100[133]、150[135]
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表 3 信号配时方法
Table 3. Signal timing methods
文献 类型 研究层次 约束条件 目标条件 建模方法 求解算法 车道容量 车道功能划分 容量 延误 停车次数 其他 [29] UT 点 √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 分支定界法 [42] DDI 点 √ √ √ 混合整数线性规划 [64] CLL 点 √ √ 二元混合整数线性规划 分支定界法 [67] CLL 点 √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 分支定界法 [71] CLL 点 √ √ √ 非线性规划 遗传算法 [69] CLL 点 √ √ √ 双目标优化 粒子群算法 [83] TI 点 √ √ √ 双目标优化 [85] TI 点 √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 可行方向法 [94] TI 点 √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 Lingo软件 [96] TI 点 √ √ √ √ √ 鲁棒优化模型 改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法 [110] CFI 线 √ √ √ 多目标混合整数规划 词典方法 [112] CFI 点 √ √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 分支定界法 [113] CFI 点 √ √ √ √ 二元混合整数线性规划 枚举法 [114] CFI 点 √ √ √ √ 混合整数线性规划 [118] CFI 点 √ √ √ 线性规划 [123] CFI 点 √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 分支定界法 [128] PFI 点 √ √ √ √ 混合整数线性规划 [129] PFI 点 √ √ 线性规划 MATLAB软件 [135] PFI/CFI 点 √ √ √ √ 混合整数非线性规划 分支定界法
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表 4 非常规交叉口运行特征
Table 4. Operation characteristics of UAIDs
类型 相位数 左转遇信号次数 直行遇信号次数 UT 2 2 1 DDI 2 2 2 CLL 4 2 1 TI 4 2 2 CFI 2 3 2 PFI 2 3 2
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表 5 延误和容量评估文献
Table 5. Literatures on delay and capacity assessment
文献 类型 评估方法 延误下降/% 容量提升/% [25] UT 仿真 2.1~40.1 5.1~11.2 [28] UT 数值试验 33 46 [64] CLL 仿真 5.1~49.8 5~30 [70] CLL 仿真 35 25 [71] CLL 数值试验 21.3~23.8 [69] CLL 仿真 15.29 [85] TI 数值试验 50~80 [87] TI 数值试验 31.9 [90] TI 数值试验 99.51 [101] CFI 实地调查 64 [104] CFI 仿真 60.8、80.3 [108] CFI 仿真 42~86 [112] CFI 数值试验 56 65 [113] CFI 数值试验 89 [123] CFI 数值试验 60.4~83.0 [132] CFI 仿真 60~85 [134] CFI 仿真 99 [129] PFI 数值试验 70 60.0~114.5
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