Review on development of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks in rail transit
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摘要: 从蜂窝无线接入技术、非蜂窝无线接入技术、异构智融车载网络接入技术三方面，分析了国内外轨道交通车载网络的研究现状；针对非蜂窝无线接入技术和蜂窝无线接入技术的问题，阐述了协同利用轨道交通周边异构无线资源进行网络融合、协同通信的优越性；从网络模型、网络架构两方面论述了异构智融车载网络的融合方案；结合智能轨道交通业务需求，从可靠性和资源利用率两方面对现有的异构智融车载网络研究进行了系统性的归类梳理；从人工智能、安全性和云边结合三方面提出未来异构智融车载网络的发展趋势。研究结果表明：异构智融车载网络可靠性分为网络架构的可靠性和数据传输的可靠性，其中在网络架构可靠性方面，主要研究了通过冗余网络架构、车云传输架构、软件定义网络构架和智慧协同网络架构4种方式提升可靠性，在数据传输可靠性方面，主要研究了通过多路径传输、网络编码和切换算法降低传输过程中的丢包率；异构智融车载网络资源利用率分为无线接入的资源利用率和链路调度的资源利用率，其中在无线接入资源利用率方面，主要通过信道状态预测、频谱划分、频移补偿3种方式增加网络吞吐量，提高资源利用率，在链路调度的资源利用率方面，主要通过调度算法、接收缓存算法和拥塞控制算法来减少异构链路对数据传输的影响，降低数据重传次数，提高网络资源利用率。Abstract: The research status of vehicular networks of rail transit both at home and abroad was analyzed from three aspects, i.e., cellular wireless access technology, non-cellular wireless access technology, and heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular network access technology. Considering the problems of non-cellular and cellular wireless access technology, the advantages of cooperatively using heterogeneous wireless resources around rail transit for network convergence and cooperative communications were expounded. The convergence schemes of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks were discussed from the aspects of the network model and network architecture. In view of the business requirements of intelligent rail transit, the existing research on heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks was systematically classified from the perspectives of reliability and resource utilization. The future development trends of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks were proposed regarding artificial intelligence, security, and cloud-edge combination. Research results show that the reliability of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks is comprised of network architecture reliability and data transmission reliability. The former mainly proposes improving reliability in the ways of redundant network architecture, vehicle-to-cloud transmission architecture, software-defined network architecture, and smart and cooperative network architecture. The latter focuses on reducing the packet loss rate in the process of transmission through three ways, i.e., multi-path transmission, network coding, and handoff algorithms. The resource utilization of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular networks can be divided into wireless access resource utilization and link scheduling resource utilization. The former improves the throughput and resource utilization by three methods, i.e., channel state prediction, spectrum division, and frequency shift compensation. The latter reduces the influence of heterogeneous links on data transmission and the times of data retransmission and raises the utilization of network resources mainly by scheduling algorithm, receiving and buffer algorithm, and congestion control algorithm. 6 tabs, 7 figs, 79 refs.
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Key words:
- rail transit /
- vehicular network /
- wireless communication /
- reliability /
- resource utilization /
- review
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图 1 异构智融车载网络的应用场景
Figure 1. Application scenarios of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular network
图 2 不同无线接入技术的性能对比
Figure 2. Performance comparison of different wireless access technologies
图 5 车载网络无线接入技术发展历程
Figure 5. Development history of wireless access technologies for vehicular networks
图 6 异构网络的分层云计算框架丢包率试验
Figure 6. Packet loss rate experiment of hierarchical cloud computing framework for heterogeneous networks
表 1 非蜂窝无线接入技术对比
Table 1. Comparison of non-cellular wireless access technologies
接入技术 吞吐量/
Mbps时延/
ms优点 缺点 卫星 >2 < 400 覆盖范围广 较高的传输时延与有限的带宽 Wi-Fi >10 < 100 较好的吞吐量 覆盖范围有限 WiMAX >30 < 200 调制方式灵活、覆盖范围较大 高速环境下性能较差 RoF >1 000 < 100 低功耗、系统结构简单 初始安装成本较高 LCX >1 < 200 传输稳定、丢包率低 传输时延较大 
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表 2 蜂窝无线接入技术对比
Table 2. Comparison of cellular wireless access technologies
接入技术 GSM-R LTE-R 5G 频率 下行：
921~925 MHz，
上行：
876~880 MHz多频段可选：450 MHz、
800 MHz、1.4 GHz、
1.8 GHz多频段可选：
2 515~2 675 MHz
(中国移动)、
3 400~3 500 MHz
(中国联通)、
3 500~3 600 MHz
(中国电信)数据速率 下行：172 Kbps，
上行：172 Kbps下行：100 Mbps，
上行：50 Mbps下行：1 000 Mbps，
上行：100 Mbps覆盖范围 8 km 4~12 km 100~300 m
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表 3 无线接入技术在不同国家高速列车中的应用
Table 3. Application of wireless access technologies in high-speed trains of different countries
高速列车 国家 重点城市 平均速度/(km·h-1)/最大速度/(km·h-1) 使用的主要无线通信技术 CRH380A/AL 中国 上海、杭州 300/487 GSM-R Acela 美国 华盛顿、巴尔的摩、纽约 240/265 Wi-Fi、GSM-R Eurostar 英国 伦敦 300/335 Wi-Fi、WiMAX ICE 3 class 403/406 德国 法兰克福 330/368 GSM-R、LCX、Wi-Fi TGV-POS 法国 巴塞尔、苏黎世、洛桑 320/575 Satellite KTX-I 韩国 首尔 305/330 Wi-Fi N700 Shinkansen 日本 东京、大阪、北海道 275/332 LCX AVE Class 103 西班牙 马德里、塔拉戈那 310/404 GSM-R ETR 500 意大利 罗马、那不勒斯、佛罗伦萨 300/362 Radiating cables、Wi-Fi、GSM-R Pendolino 芬兰 赫尔辛基、坦佩雷 200/250 WiMAX
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表 4 异构智融车载网络研究总结
Table 4. Summary of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular network research
参考文献 支持的蜂窝无线接入技术 支持的非蜂窝无线接入技术 是否支持IPv4 是否支持IPv6 主要研究内容 [39] 无 WLAN、卫星网络 是 是 异构网络切换 [40] 无 LCX、Wi-Fi、WiMAX 是 是 基于红外线通讯装置的异构网络通信系统 [41] GSM-R、LTE、5G 卫星网络 是 否 基于MPTCP的新型通信系统 [42]、[43] GSM-R、LTE、5G Access Point 是 否 异构无线网络资源分配 [44] GSM-R、LTE 卫星网络 是 否 基于MPTCP多承载通信 [45] LTE、5G 无 是 否 链路故障检测 [46] GSM-R Wi-Fi、Access Point 是 否 基于异构无线网络的视频流传输方案 [47] 5G毫米波 WLAN 是 否 异构无线网络资源分配 [48] GSM-R、LTE、5G 卫星网络 是 否 异构无线网络资源感知与数据传输 [49] LTE 卫星网络 是 否 基于MPTCP的异构网络调度机制 [50] 5G毫米波、LTE 无 是 否 异构无线网络接入选择 [51] 5G、LTE 卫星网络 是 否 异构无线网络资源分配
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表 5 异构智融车载网络可靠性研究分类
Table 5. Classification of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular network reliability research
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表 6 异构智融车载网络资源利用率研究分类
Table 6. Classification of heterogeneous smart cooperative vehicular network resource utilization research
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