船舶碳捕集、利用与封存技术综述

卢明剑; 董胜节; 严新平; 李珂; 李晓东; 周晓

doi:10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.02.001

船舶碳捕集、利用与封存技术综述

doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2024.02.001

卢明剑^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,},
董胜节^{1, 2, 3, 4},
严新平^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ,},
李珂⁷,
李晓东⁸,
周晓⁸

1.
武汉理工大学水路交通控制全国重点实验室，湖北武汉 430063
2.
武汉理工大学智能交通系统研究中心，湖北武汉 430063
3.
武汉理工大学国家水运安全工程技术研究中心，湖北武汉 430063
4.
武汉理工大学交通与物流工程学院，湖北武汉 430063
5.
中国远洋海运集团有限公司院士工作站，上海 200120
6.
东湖实验室，湖北武汉 420202
7.
中国船舶集团有限公司第七一一研究所，上海 201108
8.
中海环境科技(上海)股份有限公司，上海 200135

基金项目:

中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目 2022-HYZD-07-02

国家自然科学基金项目 51920105014

详细信息

作者简介:
卢明剑(1987-)，男，江苏宿迁人，武汉理工大学副研究员，工学博士，从事船舶新能源与节能减排研究

通讯作者:
严新平(1959-)，男，江西莲花人，中国工程院院士，武汉理工大学教授，工学博士

中图分类号: U664
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- 文章访问数: 899
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-20
- 网络出版日期: 2024-05-16
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-30

Review on ship-based carbon capture, utilization and sequestration technology

LU Ming-jian^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5
,},
DONG Sheng-jie^{1, 2, 3, 4},
YAN Xin-ping^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
, ,},
LI Ke⁷,
LI Xiao-dong⁸,
ZHOU Xiao⁸

1.
State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
2.
Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
3.
National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
4.
School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, China
5.
Academician Workstation, China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited, Shanghai 200120, China
6.
East Lake Laboratory, Wuhan 420202, Hubei, China
7.
Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute, China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited, Shanghai 201108, China
8.
China Shipping Environment Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200135, China

Funds:

Strategic Research and Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering 2022-HYZD-07-02

National Natural Science Foundation of China 51920105014

More Information

Author Bio:
LU Ming-jian(1987-), male, associate professor, PhD, mingjian_lu@whut.edu.cn

YAN Xin-ping(1959-), male, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, professor, PhD, xpyan@whut.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 追踪了国内外围绕船舶碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术开展的研究，梳理了重点内容和主要研究成果；从CCUS不同技术路径的优缺点出发，分析了目前CCUS技术在船舶上的应用可行性；针对发展迅猛的液化天然气船舶，提出了开展CCUS的技术路线；总结了目前船舶CCUS技术存在的问题，针对性地提出了建议，并探讨了船舶CCUS关键技术的发展方向。研究结果表明：船舶CCUS技术可以在短期内显著减排，且适用于营运和新造在内的绝大多数含碳燃料船舶；国外正在积极部署船舶CCUS技术实船验证研究，但国内的研究多处于概念设计与仿真研究阶段；由于改造简单，技术成熟度高且成本低，燃烧后捕集法中的化学吸收法目前最适用于船舶碳捕集，但要解决能耗高和系统尺寸大等问题，需加快探索性能更优良的先进化学溶剂及更具革命性的捕集方法；液态存储是目前最成熟的存储方式，但还需要提升其安全性与经济性；亟需加快构建以大型CO₂运输船为主的储运方式，推进港口与海洋平台CO₂转驳、接收的基础设施建设；CO₂在海洋油气田驱油驱气、淡化海水及能源催化重整等领域应用前景广阔，但船舶CO₂利用技术亟待规模化、产业化和相关产业技术协同发展；将液态CO₂或干冰进行海洋封存是未来的发展趋势，但亟需完善相关标准和法律法规，推动封存配套装备和技术开发；需要探索出一整套标准化、系统化的碳排放管理模式，推动CCUS技术配套发展，构建完整、绿色、经济、高效的船舶CCUS产业链。
- 船舶工程 /
- 碳捕集 /
- 碳封存 /
- 碳排放 /
- 航运业碳减排
Abstract: The researches on ship-based carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) technology conducted in both China and abroad were tracked, and key contents and main research results were sorted out. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of different CCUS technology paths, the application feasibility of current CCUS technology on ships was analyzed. The technical route to carry out CCUS was proposed for the rapidly developing liquefied natural gas ships. The problems existing in current ship-based CCUS technology were summarized, targeted recommendations were put forward, and development direction of key ship-based CCUS technology was discussed. Research results show that the ship-based CCUS technology can significantly reduce emissions in short term and is applicable to the vast majority of carbon-fueled ships, including those in operation and the newly constructed. Foreign countries are actively deploying the ship-based CCUS technology real-ship verification research, but the research in China is mostly at the stage of conceptual design and simulation research. Due to the simple transformation, high technology maturity, and low cost, the chemical absorption method in the post-combustion capture methods is most suitable for the ship-based carbon capture at present. But to solve the problems of high energy consumption and large system sizes, it is necessary to accelerate the exploration of advanced chemical solvents with better performance and more revolutionary capture methods. Liquid storage is currently the most mature storage method, but its safety and economy need improvement. There is an urgent need to accelerate the construction of storage and transportation methods dominated by large CO₂ carriers and to promote the construction of CO₂ transfer and reception infrastructure at ports and marine platforms. CO₂ has great development prospect in oil displacement and gas-freeing in offshore oil-gas fields, seawater desalination, and energy catalytic reforming, but CO₂ utilization technology for ships needs to be scaled up and industrialized and requires synergistic development of related industrial technologies. Marine sequestration of liquid CO₂ or dry ice is the future development trend, but there is an urgent need to improve relevant standards, laws, and regulations to promote the development of sequestration equipment and technology. It is necessary to explore a set of standardized and systematic carbon emission management modes to promote the mutual matching and promotion of CCUS technology and establish a complete, green, economical, and efficient ship-based CCUS industry chain.
- ship engineering /
- carbon capture /
- carbon sequestration /
- carbon emission /
- carbon reduction in shipping industry

HTML全文

图 1 船舶碳捕集技术路线

Figure 1. Ship-based carbon capture technology route

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图 2 海德威船用CCUS系统

Figure 2. Headway marine CCUS system

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图 3 碳捕集路径

Figure 3. Carbon capture pathways

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图 4 碳捕集技术成熟度国内外对比

Figure 4. Comparison of maturities of domestic and foreign carbon capture technologies

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图 5 液态CO₂技术路线的实用性优势

Figure 5. Practical advantages of liquid CO₂ technology route

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图 6 CO₂利用技术路线

Figure 6. CO₂ utilization technology route

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图 7 海水淡化

Figure 7. Seawater desalination

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图 8 HyMethShip概念

Figure 8. Concept of HyMethShip

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图 9 苯乙烯氧化/CO₂环加成

Figure 9. Styrene oxidation/CO₂ cycloaddition

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图 10 穿甲弹状干冰制造模具

Figure 10. Armor-piercing bullet shaped dry ice manufacturing mold

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图 11 远洋船舶CCUS技术应用路线

Figure 11. Application pathway of CCUS technology in ocean-going ships

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表 1 国外主要船舶CCUS项目

Table 1. Major foreign ship-based CCUS projects

年份	2010	2019	2020	2021	2021	2022
项目名称	Eurostar	Decarbon ICE	Carbon Capture on the Ocean	乙烯船“Clipper Eos”号CCS系统改造安装	Filtree气体清洁系统	大宇造船LNG船舶碳捕集
技术路线	化学吸收→液化存储→转运码头	低温处理→制流线型干冰→海洋封存	利用燃烧后捕集法，聚焦于捕集装置开发	化学吸收	模块捕集→CO₂电池存储→岸上利用	化学吸收→CO₂矿化→吸收溶剂再生循环利用
减排效果(目标)	CO₂减排65%	减排90%以上	验证海上碳捕集系统紧凑性及稳定运行规格要求	深海船队零碳航行

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表 2 三种碳捕集技术对比

Table 2. Comparison of three carbon capture technologies

捕集方法及评价指标	燃烧前捕集	富氧燃烧	燃烧后捕集法
改造量及投入成本	开发氢燃料发动机，增添反应罐等，投入成本大	改造发动机结构、系统及材料，投入成本大	仅改造发动机尾气处理系统，投入成本低
安全及稳定性	系统复杂，可靠性低	涉及燃烧过程改造，存在高温危险性操作	对尾气进行处理，操作风险小

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表 3 燃烧后碳捕集方法对比

Table 3. Comparison of post-combustion carbon capture methods

捕集方法及评价指标	化学吸收法	物理吸附法	膜分离法	低温分离法
技术制约	适合船舶尾气中低浓度CO₂分离	选择性不高，分离效果差	不耐杂质，分离效果差	适用于高浓度CO₂分离
紧凑性	安装尺寸较大的吸收塔、再生塔及各种换热器等装置	变温吸附占地大，变压吸附受吸附床及压缩装置限制	占地小，紧凑性最好	压缩、制冷装置占地大
每吨CO₂捕集能耗/GJ	4.00~6.00	2.89~3.59	1.96~2.85	3.11
每吨CO₂捕集成本/美元	64.1~64.8	40.0~63.0	23.0	32.7

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表 4 船舶CO₂利用或封存技术优缺点

Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of ship-based CO₂ utilization or sequestration technology

CO₂存储、封存状态	利用或封存	接收或封存方式	优点	缺点
液态存储	回收利用	专用CO₂运输船、自身船舶运输到港口	液态制冷能耗低，所占船舶空间较小；CO₂可以售卖给利用厂家，产生经济效益；资源循环利用，如制成CH₃OH还可以回用于船舶燃料；泄露风险较小，对人和生态环境影响较小	国际航行船舶产生CO₂量较大，需要占用载货体积；船上存储有安全隐患，需要专业的接收处置方式；IMO尚未有这方面的规则出台；港口或运输船接收资质要求、管理要求、收费机制等尚未明确；不一定所有港口都有接收处理能力
液态封存	海洋封存	利用管道注入海洋	封存时间长，不占用船舶载货空间，不用建设专用的CO₂运输船，不用港口建设专用接收设备及运输系统，对海洋环境及生物影响小	管道注入需要航行做停留，以避免管道断裂造成泄露；注入区域限制较多(温度和压力)；管道注入方案从未在航行船舶上做过论证研究
固态封存	海洋封存	固态抛投进入海洋	封存时间长，不占用船舶载货空间，不用建设专用的CO₂运输船，不用港口建设专用接收设备及运输系统，对海洋环境及生物影响小	制成干冰需大量能耗；相关干冰制取方法不成熟，如气化制干冰CO₂损失较多；IMO尚未出台关于允许干冰抛投区域、原则、评估等政策；抛投封存技术方案尚未成熟；不产生任何经济效益

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