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摘要: 为全面分析地铁列车运营时车外压力对车内乘客耳压舒适性的影响，采用实车线路试验方法，实测了地铁列车匀速通过隧道时，关键气密部件(空调压力波保护阀、车门气动辅助锁与贯通道排污孔筛)在不同密封条件下的车内、外压力，分析了车外压力波动特性、沿列车长度方向的压力分布规律以及车内关键气密部件对车内压力变化幅值的影响。研究结果表明：头车和中间车的车外压力受车头进入隧道产生的压缩波影响较大，列车车身表面压力峰值从头车向尾车逐渐降低；在空调开启时，相较于启用压力波保护阀，未启用时车内3 s内压力变化幅值增加了48%~61%，1 s内增加了75%~90%，说明空调压力波保护阀对车内压力舒适性影响显著；在空调关闭时，与启用车门气动辅助锁相比，未启用时3 s内车内压力变化幅值增加了39%~46%，1 s内增加了69%~78%，表明车门气动辅助锁对车内压力舒适性的影响仅次于空调压力波保护阀；在空调关闭的情况下，与启用贯通道排污孔筛相比，未启用时3 s内车内压力变化幅值增加了3%~11%，1 s内增加了1%~13%，说明贯通道排污孔筛对车内压力的影响较小。Abstract: To comprehensively analyze the impact of external pressure on passenger ear comfort during metro train operation, a real vehicle line test method was employed to measure the internal and external pressures of key airtight components (pressure wave protection valve for air conditioning, door pneumatic auxiliary lock, and gangway drainage hole screen) under different sealing conditions when the metro train passed through the tunnel at a constant speed. The fluctuating characteristics of external pressure, the pressure distribution law of the train in the longitudinal direction, as well as the influences of key airtight components on the pressure change amplitude inside the train were analyzed. Research results show that external pressures on the head vehicle and the middle vehicle are greatly affected by the compression wave generated while the train head enters the tunnel. The peak pressure on the train body surface gradually decreases from the head vehicle to the tail vehicle. When the air conditioning is on, compared with the situation when the pressure wave protection valve is enabled, the pressure change amplitude inside the train increases by 48%-61% within 3 s and 75%-90% within 1 s when the pressure wave protection valve is not enabled. This indicates that the pressure wave protection valve for air conditioning has a significant effect on the pressure comfort inside the train. When the air conditioning is off, compared with the situation when the door pneumatic auxiliary lock is enabled, the pressure change amplitude inside the train increases by 39%-46% within 3 s and by 69%-78% within 1 s when the door pneumatic auxiliary lock is not enabled. This indicates that the importance of the door pneumatic auxiliary lock's effect on the pressure comfort inside the train is second to the pressure wave protection valve for air conditioning. When the air conditioning is off, compared with the situation when the gangway drainage hole screen is enabled, the pressure change amplitude inside the train increases by 3%-11% within 3 s and 1%-13% within 1 s when the gangway drainage hole screen is not enabled. This indicates that the gangway drainage hole screen has a relatively small effect on the pressure inside the train.
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Key words:
- vehicle engineering /
- metro train /
- real vehicle test /
- pressure wave /
- airtightness /
- comfort
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图 6 列车通过隧道时头车测点W5压力曲线
Figure 6. Pressure curves of measurement point W5 on head vehicle when train passes through tunnel
图 7 头车测点W5压力曲线与压力波传递
Figure 7. Pressure curves of measurement point W5 on head veicle and corresponding pressure wave transmission
图 8 各车外部测点压力曲线
Figure 8. Pressure curves of external measurement points on each vehicle
图 9 各车外部测点压力峰峰值
Figure 9. Peak-to-peak pressure values of external measurement points on each vehicle
图 10 头车测点W5和N6压力曲线
Figure 10. Pressure curves of measurement points W5 and N6 on head vehicle
图 11 工况1~3条件下头车内、外压差曲线
Figure 11. Pressure difference curves inside and outside head vehicle under conditions 1-3
图 12 工况1~3条件下头车内压力曲线
Figure 12. Pressure curves inside head vehicle under conditions 1-3
图 13 工况1和4条件下头车内、外压差曲线
Figure 13. Pressure difference curves inside and outside head vehicle under conditions 1 and 4
图 14 工况1和4条件下头车内压力曲线
Figure 14. Pressure curves inside head vehicle under conditions 1 and 4
图 15 工况1和5条件下头车内、外压差曲线
Figure 15. Pressure difference curves inside and outside head vehicle under conditions 1 and 5
图 16 工况1和5条件下头车内压力曲线
Figure 16. Pressure curves inside head vehicle under conditions 1 and 5
表 1 试验工况
Table 1. Test conditions
工况 空调状态 压力波保护阀状态 气动辅助锁状态 贯通道排污孔筛状态 1 关机 未启用 启用 启用 2 开机 启用 启用 启用 3 开机 未启用 启用 启用 4 关机 未启用 未启用 启用 5 关机 未启用 启用 未启用 
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表 2 列车内、外测点压力变化幅值
Table 2. Pressure change amplitudes of measurement points inside and outside train
测点 幅值类型 测试1/ Pa 测试2/ Pa 测试3/ Pa 平均偏差/ Pa 相对平均偏差/% W5 峰峰值 626 645 658 11 1.8 3 s内变化幅值 558 585 587 12 2.2 N6 峰峰值 272 284 293 7 2.6 3 s内变化幅值 212 225 234 8 3.5
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表 3 工况1条件下列车内测点压力变化幅值
Table 3. Pressure change amplitudes of measurement points inside train under condition 1
测点 峰峰值/Pa 3 s内压力变化幅值/Pa 1 s内压力变化幅值/Pa N1 286 228 158 N2 282 225 151 N3 278 221 151 N4 278 224 152 N5 284 223 156 N6 282 224 158 N7 271 223 165 N8 270 229 159
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表 4 工况1~3条件下车内测点压力变化幅值
Table 4. Pressure change amplitudes of measurement points inside train under conditions 1-3
工况 时间尺度/s 测点压力变化幅值/Pa N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 1 3 228 225 221 224 223 224 223 229 1 158 151 151 152 156 158 165 159 2 3 258 251 249 247 234 241 254 246 1 159 151 157 153 159 162 174 169 3 3 389 382 385 377 376 374 377 375 1 290 287 285 291 300 302 305 301
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表 5 空调压力波保护阀对车内压力变化幅值的影响
Table 5. Impact of pressure wave protection valve for air conditioning on pressure change amplitude inside train
对比情况 时间尺度/s 测点工况对比增量/% N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 工况2对比工况1 3 13 12 13 10 5 7 14 7 1 0 0 4 1 1 2 6 6 工况3对比工况1 3 71 70 75 69 69 67 69 64 1 83 90 88 91 92 91 85 89 工况3对比工况2 3 51 52 55 53 61 55 48 52 1 82 90 82 90 89 86 75 78
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表 6 工况1和4条件下车内测点压力变化幅值
Table 6. Pressure change amplitudes of measurement points inside train under conditions 1 and 4
工况 时间尺度/s 测点压力变化幅值/Pa N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 1 3 228 225 221 224 223 224 223 229 1 158 151 151 152 156 158 165 159 4 3 322 323 322 319 322 321 321 319 1 268 266 266 271 274 279 278 279
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表 7 车门气动辅助锁对车内压力变化幅值的影响
Table 7. Impact of door pneumatic auxiliary lock on pressure change amplitude inside train
对比情况 时间尺度/s 测点工况对比增量/% N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 工况4对比工况1 3 41 43 46 42 45 43 44 39 1 69 76 75 78 75 77 69 75
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表 8 工况1和5条件下车内测点压力变化幅值
Table 8. Pressure change amplitudes of measurement points inside train under conditions 1 and 5
工况 时间尺度/s 测点压力变化幅值/Pa N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 1 3 228 225 221 224 223 224 223 229 1 158 151 151 152 156 158 165 159 5 3 246 247 245 250 238 239 245 237 1 160 158 160 172 164 162 174 167
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表 9 贯通道排污孔筛对车内压力变化幅值的影响
Table 9. Impact of gangway drainage hole screen on pressure change amplitude inside train
对比情况 时间尺度/s 测点工况对比增量/% N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 工况5对比工况1 3 8 10 11 11 7 7 10 3 1 1 4 6 13 5 2 6 5
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