Progress and trends of low-carbon application of waste materials in asphalt pavements
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摘要: 为了促进固废材料在沥青路面中的低碳化应用, 从固废原材料、固废沥青混合料、固废沥青路面3个维度对固废材料应用进展进行了系统回顾与分析。在固废原材料方面, 归纳了面向减碳的材料分类、变异性、环境风险及其处治方式; 在固废沥青混合料方面, 分别从固废掺量提升及混合料耐久性提升2个方向综述固废材料低碳化路用的现状与趋势; 在固废沥青路面方面, 从结构设计与施工技术2个视角探索固废材料的高层位及全层位应用可行性。研究结果表明: 固废原材料具备路用适配性, 但其变异性与潜在环境影响是限制其大规模利用的关键, 需构建多源固废分类分级体系并配套相应的处治方式; 固废掺量提升将导致混合料路用性能不稳定, 掺量对混合料性能劣化机制以及不同固废相互作用机制仍待明晰, 全量化固废沥青混合料研究尚处于起步阶段, 是未来需要解决的重要问题; 固废沥青混合料耐久性提升技术, 尤其是固废材料与胶结料性能提升领域, 仍有待持续开展机理探索与应用实践; 从面向低碳化的高层位及全层位应用角度来看, 现有沥青路面结构设计与施工方法仍有待提升, 应针对固废特性对结构设计与施工方法进行改进。Abstract: To promote the low-carbon application of waste materials in asphalt pavement, the application progress was systematically reviewed and analyzed from three dimenisons: waste raw materials, waste-modified asphalt mixtures, and waste asphalt pavements. For waste raw materials, material classification oriented toward carbon reduction, variability, environmental risks, and corresponding treatment methods were summarized. For waste-modified asphalt mixtures, the current status and trends of low-carbon pavement application were reviewed from increased waste incorporation ratios and enhanced mixture durability. For waste asphalt pavements, the feasibility of high-level and full-layer applications of waste materials was explored from the aspects of structural design and construction techniques. It is indicated that waste raw materials possess road application adaptability, but their variability and potential environmental impacts are the key factors restricting large-scale utilization. A multi-source waste classification and grading system and corresponding treatment methods are required. Unstable pavement performance of asphalt mixtures is caused by increased waste incorporation ratios. The mechanisms of performance deterioration caused by waste content and the interaction mechanisms among different waste materials have not yet been clarified. Research on fully waste-based mixtures is still at an initial stage and is an important issue to be addressed in the future. Continuous mechanistic exploration and application practice are still required for durability enhancement techniques for waste-modified asphalt mixtures, especially for performance improvement of waste materials and binders. From the perspective of low-carbon-oriented high-level and full-layer applications, existing asphalt pavement structural designs and construction methods are still in need of improvement. Structural design and construction methods should be modified according to the characteristics of waste materials.
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图 2 不同工艺钢渣体积膨胀特性削减效果
Figure 2. Reduction effect of steel slag volume expansion characteristics under different processes
图 3 建设期减碳与营运期减碳平衡点
Figure 3. Balance point between carbon reduction during construction and carbon reduction during operation
表 1 固废材料分类、来源及路用优缺点
Table 1. Classification, sources, and advantages and disadvantages of road application of solid waste materials
固废类型 固废名称 来源组成 路用优缺点 天然材料替代类 骨料替代类 钢渣 炼钢过程中排出的高温熔融废渣，经冷却破碎形成，主要成分为CaO、SiO2、Fe2O3、MgO等 优点：力学性能优异、棱角丰富、高碱性
缺点：安定性差、吸油率高、界面性能不稳定；碱性渗滤液污染水体、重金属存在析出风险RAP料 铣刨旧沥青路面所得，含旧骨料和老化沥青 优点：高温性能好、级配与强度适用
缺点：沥青老化、级配与强度不稳定建筑垃圾 拆除、施工产生的混凝土块、砖瓦、砂浆等混合废料 优点：表面粗糙嵌挤性好、有一定胶结活性
缺点：强度低、吸水率高、耐久性差、质量波动大油页岩废渣 油页岩干馏取油后的固体废渣，成分为SiO2、Al2O3、CaO等 优点：密度适中、强度较高
缺点：与沥青相容性差；部分含有机残留，可能有浸出风险填料替代类 粉煤灰 煤燃烧后的烟气中收集的细灰，主要成分为SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、少量CaO 优点：填充性好、火山灰反应
缺点：早期强度低、对水敏感；含微量重金属和可溶盐，粉尘可致呼吸危害煤矸石 煤炭开采与洗选中排出的固体废石，主要为SiO2、Al2O3、少量有机物 优点：不规则填料密实性好、粒径适宜
缺点：强度低、易风化分解、遇水软化；风化粉尘污染，渗水易酸化铁尾矿 选铁矿石过程中排出的细粒尾矿砂，主要为SiO2、Fe2O3等矿物 优点：颗粒坚硬、磨耗性好
缺点：细度高需级配调整；重金属析出风险赤泥 氧化铝生产过程中排出的碱性废渣，主要含Al2O3、Fe2O3、TiO2等 优点：颗粒细、比表面积大、稳定性好
缺点：与沥青相容性差、细粉多易泥化；高碱度渗滤液污染水体，重金属析出风险沥青改性类 废胶粉 废旧轮胎加工成的细橡胶粉，主要为交联橡胶 优点：改善沥青弹性、抗裂性和耐久性
缺点：沥青相容性差、易导致施工难度升高；热加工释放挥发性有机物废塑料 工业生产活动中产生的废弃聚乙烯、聚丙烯、PET等塑料制品 优点：改性沥青可提升抗裂性和耐久性
缺点：与沥青相容性差，热稳定性不足；热加工释放挥发性有机物(VOCs)，微塑料颗粒可能长期残留废风电叶片 报废的风电叶片粉碎物，主要为玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂 优点：稳定性极高、纤维增强可提高混合料韧性
缺点：纤维表面残留树脂、界面性能及分散性差；玻璃纤维刺激皮肤并且有吸入风险磷石膏 湿法磷酸生产中生成的副产物，主要成分为CaSO4·2H2O、少量酸 优点：颗粒细、刚性大、表面极性好利于黏附
缺点：含游离酸和可溶磷、吸水率高，易水损；含游离酸、可溶磷、氟化物，污染土壤与水体磷尾矿 选磷矿过程中产生的尾矿砂，主要为CaCO3、SiO2、磷酸盐矿物 优点：硬度高、刚性大、表面粗糙
缺点：盐类杂质不稳定、吸水率高、级配不良；可溶磷污染水体
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表 2 固废变异性成因及其影响
Table 2. Causes and influence of solid waste variability
变异类型 主要成因 性能影响 典型示例 来源致异 原材料、生产源或回收渠道差异 成分(化学组成、活性组分)和物理性能(粒度、密度)波动大 钢渣(钢厂原料不同)、RAP(旧沥青来源差异)、磷石膏(磷矿石放射性差异)、油页岩废渣(矿床组成不同) 工艺致异 生产工艺参数(温度、破碎方式等)不一致 影响强度、密度、含水率、表面特征等物理性能 钢渣(冷却工艺差异)、建筑垃圾(破碎设备不同)、粉煤灰(除尘工艺影响细度)、RAP(铣刨工艺影响级配和强度) 储运致异 储存方式(露天/密封)、运输污染或混杂 杂质混入(如建筑垃圾混入生活垃圾)、含水率波动(粉煤灰吸湿)、化学反应(煤矸石自燃) 煤矸石(堆放自燃产生SO2)、废塑料(运输中污染)、赤泥(露天堆放碱液渗出)、铁尾矿(渗漏重金属污染) 时空致异 长期堆放导致风化、氧化或降解 化学稳定性下降(钢渣膨胀开裂)、物理性能退化(废胶粉弹性丧失)、有害物质释放(磷石膏放射性析出) 废风电叶片(紫外线降解树脂)、磷尾矿(长期淋溶产酸)、赤泥(干燥后粉尘扩散)、RAP(沥青老化变脆)
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表 3 典型路用固废环境风险分类、影响机理与控制
Table 3. Environmental risk classification, impact mechanism and control of typical road solid waste
分类 典型固废 测试方法 影响机制 改善/控制措施 化学浸出 钢渣[19] 浸出试验、常规性能测试、化学组成与元素测定、微观形貌观测、孔隙率及粒径测试等 Cr、Cu、Ba、Ca等在碱性条件下易析出；Cr3+氧化溶解可生成高毒Cr6+ 碳化/硫化；调整级配设计等 煤矸石[20] 饱水煤矸石持续溶出As、Cr、Ni、Cu等，水溶胶体作为载体迁移重金属 微生物封存、复合材料隔层等 磷石膏[21] 含F-、PO43-4、AsI3+、Pb2+、226Ra等，雨淋可导致毒/放射性离子浸出 碱激发沉淀 大气排放 RAP[22-23] 荧光追踪、色谱分析、质谱识别、浸出试验等 旧沥青膜中PAHs(多环芳烃)老化浓缩，在高温、雨淋、破裂、磨损等情况下更易释放 降低再生温度、增强包覆致密性、物理吸附 废橡胶[24] SBS、橡胶沥青在高温条件下裂解生成含硫含氮VOCs 物理吸附，如活性炭、沸石等 颗粒扩散 废塑料[25] 荧光追踪、微观形貌观测、学组成与元素测定等 拌和及使用过程中机械磨耗，紫外热老化、冲刷等原因破坏材料产生微小颗粒 材料预处理增强性能，石粉填充，使用质密结构等
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表 4 建设期与营运期碳平衡点变化趋势
Table 4. Trends in carbon balance points during construction and operation phases
技术类别 优缺点 技术特点 物理处治 破碎与筛分 工艺简单、成本低、适配性广，但难以解决化学活性或污染问题 通过破碎和筛分优化骨料的粒径分布，从而提高其适配性与稳定性 磨细与均化 对料进行磨细，确保填料性能稳定，并提高材料的均匀性 浸水处理 调节含水率并消除有害物质，同时稳定材料活性 热处理 改善含水率，稳定/提升活性，增强适用性以及消除有害物质 超声波处理 增强分散性与均匀性，改善微观形貌，促进界面黏附 化学处治 无机化学改性 高效提升材料活性与稳定性，但处理成本高，工艺复杂且可能引发二次污染 通过无机胶凝材料(如硅酸盐水泥、生石灰、粉煤灰)固化有害成分，提高骨料强度和稳定性；或利用强酸/强碱溶解骨料表面杂质，激活潜在活性成分 有机化学改性 利用聚合物(环氧树脂、沥青乳液、聚氨酯)包裹骨料表面，改善抗渗性、柔韧性及界面黏附力；或利用表面活性剂(硅烷偶联剂)改善材料表面形貌，提升黏附性与相容性 物化联合 综合物理、化学处治优点，复合处治性能优越，但操作复杂，能耗高，对技术要求更高 利用磨细、热处理或超声波处理等多种物理处治对固废材料进行一次处理，后再利用有机/无机化学手段对固废进行化学改性二次处理
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