Influence of a centralized air chamber on the evolution of compression waves in high-speed railway tunnels
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摘要: 为研究集中式气室对高速铁路隧道中初始压缩波传播时压力梯度的调控机理，分析气室储气效应与连接处几何特征对压缩波传播特性的影响规律，基于无黏、可压缩、二维轴对称模型开展了隧道-气室耦合动态相互作用数值计算研究，提出了储气效应与阻尼特性协同作用的压力调控理论；基于流动相似准则开展了可调节式高压脉冲发生装置的缩比模型试验，通过数值仿真结果与模型试验结果的对比，验证了所采用的计算方法能够准确模拟初始压缩波经过气室时的动态响应特征；深入解析了气室关键尺寸参数对其储气能力与连接口阻尼特性的影响规律，探究了气室与隧道间由压差驱动的流量响应机制；通过对比不同的气室尺寸和连接处尺寸，进一步研究了气室结构对于初始波前压力梯度的缓解规律；分析了初始压缩波长度和幅值等波前参数对气室缓解效果的影响。研究结果表明：集中式气室的压力梯度缓解机理源于其能够在初始压缩波经过时吸收气体，而连接处尺寸是调控隧道进入气室的空气流量响应速度和阻尼特性的关键因素；当连接处尺寸为0.40R且气室尺寸为R时，气室将表现为高流量且伴随适度回流的特征，对应约40%的最优缓解率；改变初始压缩波幅值并不影响气室的缓解率，而压缩波长度与缓解率呈强负相关，波长缩短时气室缓解率显著提升，波长恒定时缓解率保持稳定。Abstract: To investigate the regulation mechanism of pressure gradients during the propagation of initial compression waves in high-speed railway tunnels by centralized air chambers, and to analyze the influence laws of the air storage effect of the air chamber and the geometric characteristics of the connection on the propagation characteristics of compression waves, numerical calculation studies on the tunnel-chamber coupled dynamic interaction were carried out based on an inviscid, compressible, and two-dimensional axisymmetric model, and a pressure regulation theory involving the synergistic effect of the air storage effect and damping characteristics was proposed. Based on the flow similarity criterion, scaled model tests of an adjustable high-pressure pulse generator were conducted. By comparing the numerical simulation results with the model test results, it was verified that the adopted calculation method could accurately simulate the dynamic response characteristics of the initial compression wave passing through the air chamber. The influence laws of key dimensional parameters of the air chamber on its air storage capacity and the damping characteristics of the connection were deeply analyzed, and the flow response mechanism driven by the pressure difference between the air chamber and the tunnel was explored. By comparing different air chamber sizes and connection sizes, the relief laws of the air chamber structure on the pressure gradient of the initial wavefront were further studied. The influences of wavefront parameters, such as the length and amplitude of the initial compression wave, on the relief effect of the air chamber were analyzed. Research results indicate that the pressure gradient relief mechanism of the centralized air chamber stems from its ability to absorb air when the initial compression wave passes through, and the connection size is a key factor in regulating the air flow response speed from the tunnel into the air chamber and the damping characteristics. When the connection size is 0.40R, and the air chamber size is R, the air chamber exhibits characteristics of high flow accompanied by moderate reflux, corresponding to an optimal relief rate of about 40%. Changing the amplitude of the initial compression wave does not affect the relief rate of the air chamber, while the length of the compression wave is strongly negatively correlated with the relief rate. When the wavelength is shortened, the relief rate of the air chamber significantly increases, and when the wavelength is constant, the relief rate remains stable.
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Key words:
- rail transit /
- buffer chamber /
- numerical simulation /
- pressure gradient /
- scaled model test /
- micro-pressure wave
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图 6 初始压缩波经过气室的典型特征
Figure 6. Typical characteristics of initial compression waves passing through air chamber
图 7 气室内外压差与质量流量关系
Figure 7. Relationship between pressure difference inside and outside the chamber and mass flow rate
图 9 气室尺寸对质量流量、压力、压力梯度的影响
Figure 9. Influence of chamber size on mass flow rate, pressure, and pressure gradient
图 10 连接处尺寸对质量流量、压力、压力梯度的影响
Figure 10. Influence of connection size on mass flow rate, pressure, and pressure gradient
图 11 连接处尺寸进一步扩大对质量流量和压力梯度的影响
Figure 11. Influence of further expansion of connection size on mass flow rate and pressure gradient
图 12 连接处尺寸与质量流量和缓解率的关系
Figure 12. Relationship between connection size, mass flow rate, and mitigation rate
图 13 气室尺寸与质量流量和缓解率的关系
Figure 13. Relationship between chamber size, mass flow rate, and mitigation rate
图 16 最大压力梯度与压力幅值对气室缓解率的影响
Figure 16. Influence of maximum pressure gradient and pressure amplitude on the air chamber relief rate
图 19 电磁阀开启数量和开启电压对波形的影响
Figure 19. Influence of the opening numbers and voltage of solenoid valve on the waveform
图 20 几何尺寸对气室缓解率的影响
Figure 20. Influence of geometric dimensions on the relief rate of air chambers
图 21 电磁阀开启数量对缓解率的影响
Figure 21. Influence of solenoid valve opening numbers on the relief rate
图 22 电磁阀开启电压对缓解率的影响
Figure 22. Influence of solenoid valve opening voltage on the relief rate
表 1 网格划分规格及网格数对比
Table 1. Comparison of grid division specifications and grid counts
网格划分规格 最小网格尺寸/m 总网格数 与细网格偏差百分比/% 粗 0.10 6 743 7.4 中 0.05 25 172 1.5 细 0.02 63 524 
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