Dynamic stress propagation characteristics and calculation methods for soft soil foundation reinforced by high-speed hydraulic compaction in Yellow River alluvial plain
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摘要: 为探究高速液压夯加固黄河冲积平原软土地基的动力传播特性，依托实际工程，开展70、110、150 kJ三种能级现场夯击试验；通过监测夯击过程中土体超静孔隙水压力、地面振动速度等指标，阐明高速液压夯动应力沿竖向和径向的传播规律，建立了动力传播特性的理论计算方法，评价高速液压夯有效加固范围及振动影响范围。研究结果表明：高速液压夯动应力沿竖向传播符合指数衰减规律，表现出明显的二次衰减趋势，但传递指数小于弹性静力学理论值；动应力沿径向传播符合负幂函数衰减规律，且动应力值与夯板面积正相关；高速液压夯有效加固深度与锤重、夯锤落距正相关，与夯板面积、土体重度负相关，70、110、150 kJ三种能级有效加固深度分别为5.8、6.0、6.6 m；高速液压夯有效加固半径与夯板直径有关，约为夯板直径的1.1倍；高速液压夯地面振动主频为5~30 Hz，属于中低频振动，振动速度随夯击点到观测点距离（夯检距）按负幂函数规律衰减；对于一般工业建筑和公共建筑，70、110、150 kJ三种能级安全施工距离分别为7.2、7.8、8.4 m，居住建筑、振动敏感建筑等安全施工距离应参照该标准依次增大。研究结果可为高速液压夯设计与施工提供理论和实践参考。Abstract: To investigate the dynamic stress propagation characteristics of soft soil foundation reinforced by high-speed hydraulic compaction in the Yellow River alluvial plain, field compaction tests at three energy levels (70, 110, and 150 kJ) were conducted based on actual projects. The propagation laws of dynamic stress generated by high-speed hydraulic compaction in the vertical and radial directions were clarified by monitoring indicators such as excess pore water pressure in the soil and ground vibration velocity during the compaction process. On this basis, a theoretical calculation method for dynamic stress propagation characteristics was established, and the effective reinforcement range and the vibration influence range of high-speed hydraulic compaction were evaluated. The research results indicate that the vertical propagation of dynamic stress generated by high-speed hydraulic compaction follows an exponential decay pattern, which exhibits a distinct secondary decay trend. However, the transmission exponent is smaller than the theoretical value in elastic statics. The radial propagation of dynamic stress conforms to a negative power function decay pattern, and the dynamic stress value is positively correlated with the rammer area. The effective reinforcement depth of high-speed hydraulic compaction is positively correlated with the rammer weight and drop height, and negatively correlated with the rammer area and soil unit weight. The effective reinforcement depths for 70, 110, and 150 kJ energy levels are 5.8, 6.0, and 6.6 m, respectively. The effective reinforcement radius of high-speed hydraulic compaction is related to the rammer diameter, approximately 1.1 times the rammer diameter. The dominant frequency of ground vibrations induced by high-speed hydraulic compaction ranges from 5 to 30 Hz, which belong to medium-to-low-frequency vibrations. The vibration velocity decays according to the law of a negative power function with the distance from the tamping point to the observation point (tamping detection distance). For general industrial and public buildings, the safe construction distances for 70, 110, and 150 kJ energy levels are 7.2, 7.8, and 8.4 m, respectively. The safety construction distances for residential buildings, vibration-sensitive buildings, etc. should be increased successively with reference to this standard. The research findings can provide theoretical and practical references for the design and construction of high-speed hydraulic compaction.
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图 2 高速液压夯现场试验布置（单位：m）
Figure 2. Field arrangement of high-speed hydraulic compaction test (unit: m)
图 3 孔隙水压力计竖向布置及数据监测（单位：m）
Figure 3. Vertical arrangement of pore water gauge and data monitoring (unit: m)
图 4 夯沉量、孔隙水压力及地面振动监测
Figure 4. Monitoring of tamping settlement, pore water pressure and ground vibration
图 6 70 kJ能级高速液压夯超静孔隙水压力变化
Figure 6. Excess pore water pressure variation of high-speed hydraulic compaction with 70 kJ energy level
图 7 110 kJ能级高速液压夯超静孔隙水压力变化
Figure 7. Excess pore water pressure variation of high-speed hydraulic compaction with 110 kJ energy level
图 8 150 kJ能级高速液压夯超静孔隙水压力变化
Figure 8. Excess pore water pressure variation of high-speed hydraulic compaction with 150 kJ energy level
图 9 高速液压夯地面振动结果（150 kJ能级、夯检距5 m测点）
Figure 9. Ground vibration results of high-speed hydraulic compaction (150 kJ energy level, measurement point of 5 m tamping detection distance)
图 10 土体动应力理论计算值与实测值对比（150 kJ）
Figure 10. Comparison of theoretically calculated and measured values of soil dynamic stresses (150 kJ)
图 11 不同工况土体动应力沿深度分布
Figure 11. Distribution of soil dynamic stresses along the depth of different conditions
图 12 土体动应力随夯检距变化规律（150 kJ）
Figure 12. Variation rule of soil dynamic stress with tamping detection distance (150 kJ)
图 14 不同夯击能有效加固深度判定曲线
Figure 14. Determination curves of effective reinforcement depth for different tamping energies
图 15 高速液压夯加固前后标贯结果
Figure 15. Standard penetration test results before and after high-speed hydraulic compaction
图 16 高速液压夯地面振动速度随夯检距变化
Figure 16. Ground vibration speed variation of high-speed hydraulic compaction with tamping detection distance
表 1 试验区土层物理力学指标
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of soil layers in the test area
层号 地层
名称地层厚度
/m土体重度λd /（kN·m-3） 固结快剪cq 固结不排水三轴剪切cu 不固结不排水三轴剪切uu 侧摩阻力标准值fak
/kPa压缩模量Es1-2 /MPa 黏聚力ck1/kPa 内摩擦角φk1/（°） 黏聚力ck2
/kPa内摩擦角φk2/（°） 黏聚力ck3/kPa 内摩擦角φk3
/（°）② 粉土 3.87 18.4 10 22.0 10 24.0 12 16.0 110 6.4 ③ 粉质黏土 1.59 19.3 30 12.0 35 14.0 33 8.0 110 4.5 ④ 粉土 1.29 19.1 11 23.0 11 24.0 12 18.0 120 7.0 ⑤ 粉质黏土 3.71 19.3 30 12.0 35 14.0 33 8.0 110 4.5 ⑥ 粉土 3.51 19.3 30 12.0 35 14.0 33 8.0 120 5.4 ⑦ 粉质黏土 3.38 19.4 12 26.0 11 27.0 14 19.0 130 8.9 
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表 2 地面振动速度随夯检距变化
Table 2. Ground vibration velocity variation with tamping detection distance
夯击能/kJ 不同夯检距（m）对应的振动速度/（cm·s-1） 2 5 10 15 20 80 100 120 70 9.973 4.286 1.483 0.727 0.623 0.235 0.226 0.112 110 10.440 4.730 1.794 0.803 0.646 0.155 0.117 0.113 150 12.302 5.324 1.945 0.817 0.713 0.122 0.121 0.100
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