Mechanical properties and micro-mechanisms of tunnel spoil roadbed improved by calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
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摘要: 为解决废弃隧道渣土和工业固废的堆存导致的土地资源浪费与潜在的环境威胁，尝试使用工业固废电石渣与磷石膏协同改良废弃隧道渣土，将其转变为良质的工程填料。通过一系列室内试验，探究不同固废配比对改良土的物理与力学性能的影响规律，选最优配比；通过微观测试，分析了其微观改良机理和作用机制；通过路用力学性能测试，验证了改良土用作路基填料的可行性。研究结果表明：电石渣与磷石膏的组合掺加表现出显著的协同作用，特别是在增强废弃渣土的力学性能方面，其效果远超电石渣单掺（以4%总质量掺量为例，C3P1改良土的平均抗压强度可达电石渣单掺的1.35倍）；电石渣与磷石膏的最佳配比为3∶1，在这一配比下其对废弃渣土的改良效果最为显著，改良土的力学性能与稳定性均达到最优状态；电石渣和磷石膏以及土壤中的活性组分发生水化反应及离子交换反应，生成了具有胶凝性的C-S-H（水化硅酸钙）、C-A-S-H（水化硅铝酸钙）和AFt（钙矾石）等产物，它们通过填充、黏结和吸附土颗粒，显著提高了土体的密实度，从而增强改良土的宏观力学性能；归因于产物钙矾石膨胀作用的双刃性与其他胶凝产物的组合作用，在最佳配比（3∶1）下，随着总掺量的增加，改良土的力学性能并非呈线性增长趋势；适当配比的电石渣与磷石膏改良土满足公路路基设计规范要求，初步验证了改良土用作路基填料的可行性。Abstract: To solve the problems of land resource waste and potential environmental threats caused by the stockpiling of abandoned tunnel spoils and industrial solid wastes, an attempt was made to synergistically improve abandoned tunnel spoils using industrial solid wastes, namely calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum, to transform them into high-quality engineering fillers. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the influence patterns of different solid waste ratios on the physical and mechanical properties of the improved soil, and the optimal ratio was selected. Microscopic tests were performed to analyze the microscopic improvement mechanisms and action mechanisms. Road mechanical property tests were carried out to verify the feasibility of using the improved soil as roadbed fillers. The results indicate that the combined addition of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum exhibits a significant synergistic effect, especially in enhancing the mechanical properties of abandoned spoils, with an effect far exceeding that of adding calcium carbide slag alone (taking a total mass fraction of 4% as an example, the average compressive strength of the C3P1 improved soil is 1.35 times that of the soil with calcium carbide slag alone). The optimal ratio of calcium carbide slag to phosphogypsum is 3∶1, under which the improvement effect on abandoned spoils is the most significant, and both the mechanical properties and stability of the improved soil reach the optimal state. Hydration reactions and ion exchange reactions occur among calcium carbide slag, phosphogypsum, and the active components in the soil, generating cementitious products such as calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), and ettringite (AFt). These products significantly increase the compactness of the soil through filling, bonding, and adsorbing soil particles, thereby enhancing the macroscopic mechanical properties of the improved soil. Attributed to the double-edged nature of the expansion effect of the product ettringite and the combined action of other cementitious products, under the optimal ratio (3∶1), the mechanical properties of the improved soil do not show a linear growth trend with the increase of the total additive content. The improved soil with an appropriate proportion of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum meets the requirements of highway subgrade design specifications, preliminarily verifying the feasibility of using the improved soil as roadbed fillers.
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图 2 电石渣与磷石膏的微观形貌
Figure 2. Microscopic morphology of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 3 不同电石渣或磷石膏掺量下改良土的击实特性
Figure 3. Compaction characteristics of improved soil with different contents of calcium carbide slag or phosphogypsum
图 4 不同电石渣与磷石膏组合配比改良土的击实特性
Figure 4. Compaction characteristics of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 5 不同电石渣或磷石膏掺量下改良土的电导率
Figure 5. Electrical conductivity of improved soil with different contents of calcium carbide slag or phosphogypsum
图 6 不同电石渣与磷石膏组合配比改良土的电导率
Figure 6. Electrical conductivity of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 7 不同电石渣或磷石膏掺量下改良土的无侧限抗压强度
Figure 7. Unconfined compressive strength of improved soil with different contents of calcium carbide slag or phosphogypsum
图 8 不同电石渣与磷石膏组合配比改良土的无侧限抗压强度
Figure 8. Unconfined compressive strength of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 9 不同固废配比下各掺量增段改良土的单位掺量强度增益
Figure 9. Unit strength gain of improved soil with different solid waste ratios at various additive content increments
图 10 不同固废总掺量改良土的单位增比强度增益
Figure 10. Strength gain of improved soil on the unit rising ratio with different total solid waste contents
图 11 不同电石渣掺量与养护龄期下改良土的应力应变曲线
Figure 11. Stress-strain curves of improved soil with different calcium carbide slag contents and curing ages
图 12 电石渣与磷石膏不同组合配比改良土的应力-应变曲线
Figure 12. Stress-strain curves of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 13 不同电石渣与磷石膏组合配比下改良土的XRD衍射图谱
Figure 13. XRD diffraction patterns of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 14 不同电石渣与磷石膏配比改良土的SEM图像
Figure 14. SEM images of improved soil with different ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
图 15 不同电石渣与磷石膏组合配比下改良土的CBR与膨胀量
Figure 15. CBR and swelling amount of improved soil with different combination ratios of calcium carbide slag and phosphogypsum
表 1 取样渣土的基本物理参数
Table 1. Basic physical parameters of sampled spoils
物理参数 液限/% 塑限/% 塑性指数/% 初始含水率/% 密度/（g·cm-3） 最佳含水率/% 最大干密度/（g·cm-3） 数值 29.19 15.17 14.02 37.40 1.91 12.50 1.946 
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表 2 试验材料的主要化学成分
Table 2. Main chemical compositions of test materials %
试验材料 SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O SO3 TiO2 MgO Cl P2O5 SrO CuO 顶管渣土 62.10 5.70 17.96 5.99 3.06 0.81 0.98 2.24 0.07 0.04 电石渣 4.98 92.34 1.94 0.14 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.06 0.02 磷石膏 4.23 42.73 0.33 0.10 52.41 0.17 0.01 0.02
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表 3 试验方案
Table 3. Test scheme
试验内容 分析类型 掺量/% 电石渣 磷石膏 击实试验
电导率测试
UCS单掺 0、2、4、6、8、10 0 0 2、4、6、8、10 组合双掺 总掺分别为4、6、8、10 SEM
XRD
CBR素土 0 0 组合双掺 总掺分别为4、8
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