| Citation: | ZHU Zhi-wen, HUANG Yan, LI Jian-peng, RUAN Shi-peng. Fatigue assessment of floorbeam cutout in orthotropic steel bridge deck based on hot-spot stress method[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2018, 18(5): 25-34. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2018.05.003
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Orthogonal anisotropic steel bridge decks have many excellent structural and economic performance, and are widely used in bridges of various spans[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]The structure is formed by welding panels, longitudinal ribs, and transverse partitions to form structural units. The connection structure will experience varying degrees of stress concentration under concentrated wheel loads, and welding process defects will also generate significant residual stresses in the structural details. Therefore, fatigue cracking problems in the construction details of orthotropic steel bridge decks are commonly reported[7, 8, 9, 10]The methods for fatigue assessment of steel bridges can be roughly divided into nominal stress method, hot spot stress method, and notch stress method[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]The International Welding Society provides fatigue levels and corresponding S values for construction details for different methods-NCurve. In the nominal stress method, there are multiple classifications of fatigue levels and welding construction details, especially in the orthotropic steel bridge deck where stress concentration is significant in some construction details. The stress differences at different positions are large, resulting in significant differences in the fatigue results evaluated based on the nominal stress defined at these positions. The hot spot stress method uses the extrapolation formula to obtain the stress at the weld toe, and the fatigue level only uses 2 S values-NCurve representation and fewer classification of structural details make fatigue evaluation simple, but it is currently unclear whether this evaluation method can be applied to fatigue assessment of all structural details of orthotropic steel bridge decks. Setting up arc-shaped notches on the transverse partition can reduce the out of plane deformation caused by longitudinal rib deflection on the transverse partition and lower the secondary stress on the longitudinal ribs. However, the arc-shaped cut of the bulkhead weakens the web of the bulkhead, making it easy for stress concentration to occur at the cut. Fatigue cracking often occurs on the base metal at the edge of the arc-shaped cut of the bulkhead, such as the Westgate Bridge and Humen Bridge in Australia[16, 17, 18, 19]Tang Liang et al. believed that the fatigue performance of the curved cut of the transverse bulkhead is similar to that of welding, and its fatigue strength is mainly related to the applied stress amplitude. They pointed out that the flat steel box girder solid belly transverse bulkhead commonly used in China is similar to a rigid crossbeam, and the curved cut of the transverse bulkhead is controlled by in-plane stress[20]Wang Chunsheng et al. pointed out that the stress of the arc-shaped cut of the diaphragm is closely related to the shape and size of the cut[21, 22]Zhu Zhiwen et al. believe that the stress local effect of the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition is obvious. The arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition can only distinguish the axis group and cannot distinguish the single axis within the axis group. Moreover, there is significant stress concentration at the free edge of the smallest net section of the transverse partition, and the smaller the cut radius, the greater the stress concentration; The internal stress significantly dominates the total stress response of the curved cut surface of the transverse partition, and increasing the thickness of the transverse partition can effectively reduce the stress of the curved cut surface of the transverse partition[23]Zhang Qinghua and others conducted a model test of the orthotropic steel bridge deck segment of the Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge, simulating the fatigue crack propagation process of the lower arc section of the transverse bulkhead arc-shaped incision[24]Ye Wenhua et al. believed that the stress amplitude of the arc-shaped cut section of the transverse partition did not change significantly in the fatigue test, and the probability of fatigue cracking in this area was very low[25]Ding Nan et al. used the hot spot stress method to study the fatigue performance of the arc-shaped cut of the transverse bulkhead of the orthotropic steel bridge deck of Humen Bridge[26]Zhu Zhiwen et al. used the nominal stress method to evaluate the fatigue of the orthogonal anisotropic steel bridge deck transverse bulkhead arc-shaped cut in the steel UHPC composite bridge deck. They concluded that the fatigue life of the transverse bulkhead arc-shaped cut in this type of structure meets the design requirements under existing traffic flow, and believed that using the steel UHPC composite bridge deck can reduce the out of plane deformation of the transverse bulkhead arc-shaped cut[27]Although there have been reports on fatigue related studies of transverse bulkhead arc-shaped notches, due to their diverse geometric forms, the stress distribution characteristics of different transverse bulkhead arc-shaped notches under wheel load are affected by the position and structural arrangement of the wheel load, and the degree of stress concentration is also different. Therefore, a reasonable evaluation of the fatigue performance of transverse bulkhead arc-shaped notches has always been an important aspect of the anti fatigue design of orthotropic steel bridge decks. In addition, whether the hot spot stress method is suitable and how to apply it to the fatigue evaluation of transverse partition arc-shaped notches are also urgent issues that need to be addressed[28, 29].
Hot spot stress is generally obtained through interpolation. To avoid the influence of nonlinear stress on the weld toe and ensure the rationality of interpolation, the interpolation nodes of the extrapolation method should not only maintain a certain distance from the weld toe, but also not be too far away from it. The extrapolation formula recommended by the International Welding Society and Det Norske Veritas[34]Believe that the distance from the weld toe is 0.4d(dFor the thickness of the transverse partition or 0.5dIn the future, the nonlinear stress of the weld toe will basically disappear. Therefore, in on-site stress monitoring, strain gauges are usually arranged at the corresponding interpolation points to test stress and obtain hot spot stress through extrapolation. The extrapolation formula can be divided into two-point linear extrapolation or three-point quadratic extrapolation based on the number of interpolation points.
According to whether the weld toe stress is related to the thickness of the bulkhead, the hotspots of the welded structure can be divided into two categories: type a and type b[34]See youTable 1Among them:σzero point fourd、σzero point fived、σzero point nined、σd、σone point fourd、σone point fivedandσtwo point fivedThey are located 0.4 kilometers away from the hotspotd、 zero point fived、 zero point nined、d、 one point fourd、 one point fivedAnd 2.5dInterpolate point stress at the location;σ4、σ5、σ8、σ12andσ15They are located at distances of 4, 5, 8, 12, and 15 from hotspots respectivelymmThe stress at the interpolation point.aThe hot spot is located on the surface of the board, and the stress direction of the hot spot is perpendicular to the weld toe and related to the thickness of the transverse partition;bThe hot spot is located at the weld toe of the free edge section of the plate, and the hot spot stress does not depend on the plate thickness.
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Through continuous monitoring for multiple days, D110 was obtained#The minimum net cross-sectional distance of the arc-shaped incision on the east side of the R19 longitudinal rib on the north side of the transverse partition is 2.5 from the free edgedStress response within the range. Strain gauge G1Continuous 24-hour stress time history is shownFigure 5The stress tension is defined as positive and the pressure is defined as negative. It can be seen that the live load stress at the edge of the arc-shaped cut of the bulkhead is compressive stress, and fatigue cracking occurs at this location, with high residual tensile stress[[35, 36]Some passing vehicles generated significant stress at the arc-shaped cut of the bulkhead, with the maximum stress peak exceeding 300MPa.
The finite element analysis results indicate that condition 2 is the most unfavorable condition, and the corresponding equivalent stress cloud map is shownFigure 9It can be seen that under the action of wheel load, the stress local effect of the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition is obvious. There is a large stress gradient in the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition, and there is significant stress concentration at the minimum net cross-sectional free edge of the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition. The maximum stress under wheel load is -113MPa.
The International Welding Society and Det Norske Veritas have providedTable 1Interpolation formula for hot spot stress shown[33]From the above stress monitoring and finite element analysis results, it can be concluded that there is significant stress concentration in the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition, and the stress distribution is nonlinear. Based on the monitoring results of the actual bridge,Figure 12The hot spot stress calculated by different extrapolation formulas is given. It can be seen that the estimated hot spot stress contains nonlinear stress because the first stress interpolation point in all recommended extrapolation formulas is located within the nonlinear region of the stress distribution of the arc-shaped cut of the diaphragm, and there are significant differences in the results given by different extrapolation formulas; Due to the nonlinearity of the measured stress distribution in the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition, it disappears only after leaving the free edge d of the arc-shaped cut of the transverse partition. ThereforeTable 1The hot spot stress obtained by the interpolation formula naturally contains certain nonlinear stress effects, making the estimation of hot spot stress unreasonable.
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In the formula:σ2.0dThe stress at a distance of 2.0d from the free edge of the incision.
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In the formula:niFor the th position in the stress spectrumiStress amplitudeSiThe number of loading times;mFor S-NThe slope of the curve is taken as 3 according to the regulations of the International Welding Society.
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| 15. | 李爱群，司政，邓扬，张萌. 钢桥面横隔板与U肋焊接处残余应力场分析. 桥梁建设. 2019(06): 36-41 . |
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GE Ji-ping, YAN Xing-fei, WANG Zhi-qiang. Seismic performance of prefabricated assembled pier with grouted sleeve and prestressed reinforcements[J]. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 2018, 18(2): 42-52. doi: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2018.02.005
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